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Some of the material in is restricted to members of the community. By logging in, you may be able to gain additional access to certain collections or items. If you have questions about access or logging in, please use the form on the Contact Page.
An Expert-Performance Approach to the Study of the Development of Understanding during Complex Learning: Capturing the Development of Understanding of the 8-Puzzle and Its Mechanism
The question of "what is better understanding during complex learning" has intrigued researchers in different fields of psychology and education for decades. However, it has been difficult to study and monitor the development of...
The growing prevalence of computers, tablets, and educational apps in academic settings has prompted many researchers to investigate the potential benefits and drawbacks of this technology. One of the ways that this technology can...
Relations between stimuli (contingencies, dependencies, etc.) provide valuable information about regularities and uncertainties in the environment. Statistical and associative mechanisms thought to be responsible for learning such...
The majority of alcohol use occurs in a social context, and emergent research suggests that the use of alcohol in a social context may be central to alcohol’s reinforcing effects; however, the relationship between social context and...
Previous research has shown that holding, or placing one’s hands near, an object can alter visual processing of that object in a variety of ways, including enhancing the detection of change, reducing the effect of distraction, and...
Perceiving our world is an active process. We actively explore and investigate the environment rather than passively registering the objects and events we encounter. Our perception and attention reflect our moods, expectations, and...
The error-related negativity (ERN), a fronto-centrally maximal negative deflection within 100 ms of error commission, reflects individual differences in the sensitivity to making mistakes and has been linked with some anxiety-related...
Memories recalled from the field, or first person, perspective tend to be specific, more detail-oriented, and emotional, while memories from the observer, or third person, perspective, tend to be general, less detail-oriented, and less...
Previous research indicates that exposure to the U.S. flag increases the academic performance of racial majority group members, but does not influence the performance of racial minority group members. The current work tests the...
Anxiety disorders affect more than 40 million Americans and represent a significant public health and individual burden. The existing literature supports intolerance of uncertainty (IU) as an important transdiagnostic risk factor in the...
Drawing from the decision-making literature, the framing and cross-modal discounting paradigms were used to investigate the effect of age on the subjective valuation of technology. Using the framing paradigm to covertly measure age...
Dendritic spines are small protrusions from dendrites on which the majority of excitatory synapses occur (Gray, 1959; Peters et al., 1976; Harris and Kater, 1994). Dendritic spines serve to compartmentalize second messenger systems (Koch...
Extensive evidence shows that listeners use global knowledge to generate predictions of upcoming sentences themes; however, there is less investigation on how local context that semantically conflicts with long-standing global knowledge...
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), characterized by recurrent obsessions and/or compulsions, is a disabling psychiatric condition affecting approximately 2-3% of the population. Whereas several first-line treatments have been...
Previous research examining the effect of study strategies on GPA has relied on general interviews and questionnaires. I attempt to validate and extend previous findings by applying methods originally developed for researching the...
The acquisition of skilled performance via deliberate practice is posited to result in consistency of task performance via refined representations of task requirements (Ericsson & Lehmann, 1996). In the present study, skilled ten-pin...
Prevalence rates of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI; the deliberate destruction of one's own body tissue in the absence of suicidal intent) are quite high among adolescents and young adults, and appear to be increasing. Additionally, NSSI...
A long-standing debate in the attention literature has been that when something captures our attention, why does it do so? Some strongly argue that attention is captured only by salient stimuli (bottom-up view); others strongly argue...
The Relationship between Completed High School and College Courses and Gains in Standardized Test Performance from the Perspective of the Expert Performance Approach
There are several parallels between the acquisition of expert performance and the learning by students in high school and college courses. High school and college course experience includes prolonged, intensive practice on learning...
Despite social pressure for White Americans to be nonprejudiced, Black Americans still regularly experience discrimination. We argue that bias persists because although many White Americans espouse nonprejudiced beliefs, far fewer...
Recent evidence in support of embodied cognition suggests that cognition in general, and language comprehension in particular, calls upon sensorimotor traces to mentally simulate described situations. Although the extent to which such...
Cognitive-behavioral models of compulsive hoarding have identified information processing deficits of categorization and organization, decision-making and indecisiveness, memory, and attention as areas that may contribute to compulsive...
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disabling form of psychopathology characterized by negative alterations in cognitions and mood, re-experiencing, avoidance of trauma reminders, and hyperarousal symptoms resulting from exposure...
In order to prepare for the future, at least some people might spend time imagining how a target person's future behavior could impede the achievement of their goals. These imaginings represent no truly new information about the target...
Sleep disturbances, including difficulties initiating and/or maintaining sleep, poor sleep quality, and nightmares, are prevalent among individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Sleep disturbances predict more severe...
The ability to alter, regulate, or otherwise control one's own behavior is a valuable but limited human capacity. Good self-control facilitates success in life, but self-control attempts often fail. The present work examined two causes...
Many nutritionally beneficial plants contain bitter compounds that may cause people to exclude them from their diets. The perception of these compounds has been hypothesized to be modulated by the interaction of salivary proteins, but...
Prior research suggests praise increases motivation. The present research tested pride and humility as mediators of the effect of praise on motivation. I hypothesized that pride may contribute to motivation because it is pleasant to...
Embodied cognition, which stresses the intertwined nature of the perceptual-motor system and cognitive processes (Willems & Francken, 2012), has been a prominent area of focus in replication failures and the broader discussion of the...
Accumulating evidence suggests that individuals with a history of multiple traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are at increased risk for developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) when compared to trauma exposed individuals without a...
Hindbrain glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) neurons project to numerous feeding-relevant forebrain areas. One such region is the lateral septum (LS), which plays a role in learning, motivation, and stress. We hypothesized that stimulation...
The current work tests a model of interracial interactions that focuses on specific types of expectations as determinants of different affective responses to such interactions. NonBlack participants anticipating an interaction with a...
The need for expedient detection of and response to signals of danger compels the development of sophisticated neural circuits for threat processing. This threat neural circuitry should support not only identification of and response to...
People use heuristics, even though these produce wrong answers to problems. The present research tested an explanation for this seemingly irrational phenomenon. People use heuristics to preserve mental energy and avoid self-regulatory...
Current events would suggest that activism against gender inequality is on the rise in the United States. However, more action is needed if gender equality is to be achieved. To better understand these events and to encourage greater...
Theories of decision making often posit the existence of two separate modes of information processing known as type 1 and type 2 thinking. Type 1 thinking is characterized by autonomous information processing that does not impinge on...
How is knowledge accessed when recognizing an object, understanding a concept, or comprehending a sentence? We look at the relationship between linguistic meaning and neural systems of perception and action. More specifically, we look at...
Extant research suggests that safety behaviors (SBs) may be relevant to the development and maintenance of anxiety and obsessive-compulsive psychopathology; yet, their contribution to other forms of psychopathology, such as disorders of...
Research on the regulatory role of gut microbiota in clinically relevant behaviors has grown dramatically in recent years. The communication between the gut and the brain, often referred to as the gut-brain axis, can influence underlying...
Efficient and effective visual search is important for organisms to survive, and failures of the search process (not detecting the searched for target or discovering it too late) can have dire consequences. One example in which search...
Recent studies have drawn a close relationship between visual perception and language, showing, for example, that readers respond faster to a picture of a flying eagle than a perched eagle after a sentence that implicitly constrains the...
Animals must eat to attain essential nutrients and energy for survival. Diet -- the types and quantities of food consumed -- is clearly tied to the overall health of humans and other animals. So, too, is the way in which those foods are...
Obesity is a pervasive public health concern that is associated with several comorbidities like Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Abdelaal, le Roux, & Docherty, 2017; Fruh, 2017; Pi-Sunyer, 2009; Williams, Mesidor, Winters, ...
The goal of the study was to examine the impact of executive function on solving intermixed problems that require different solution strategies. 138 participants completed an arithmetic choice task where participants choose the correct...
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