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A .beta.-lactam of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is aryl, substituted aryl, alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; R.sub.2 is hydrogen, alkyl, acyl, acetal, ethoxyethyl, or other hydroxyl protecting group; and R.sub.3 is aryl, substituted aryl, alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; and the enantiomers and diastereomers thereof.