Department of History

: Analyzing Historical Impacts of Alsace, France; This project explores the national identity of people of the Alsace region of France, which lies on the northeast border with Germany. This region alone contains six dialects that intertwine French and German. Germany defeated France and annexed Alsace in 1871, but the region returned to France following Germany’s defeat in World War I. The territory was then occupied by Germany and was officially part of the Greater German Reich, yet Alsace was never officially annexed back to Germany. The culture of this region is not only a mix of the two nationalities due to shifting national borders, but due to the land historically being a territory that is traded in treaties out of many wars, specifically World War I and II. By interviewing three generations of Alsatians, I sought to discover what national identity they maintain, as well as their perspectives on their regional history. This project is important because it is rooted it in an international debate of identity crisis, specifically national identity., Keywords: History, Nazi, World War II, Hitler, France, Oral, Alsace, Identity, Language

: Archaeology, Wage Labor, and Kinship in Rural Mexico, 1934-1974; This article assesses the relationships between archaeology and wage labor in 20th-century Mexico through an analysis of governmental payroll records from El Tajín, Veracruz. It argues that the long-term presence of archaeological labor provided opportunities for income and social mobility in a context of dispossession and proletarianization, while contributing to socioeconomic stratification. In a region whose traditional agricultural base declined during the 20th century, participation in wage labor provided a source of regular cash income and opportunities for skill development and social mobility. Participation, however, depended on intermediaries and their kin and social networks, meaning that not all had access. The analysis suggests that state-run archaeology must be understood in practical and economic terms, and in regional context., History of archaeology, archaeological labor, kinship, Veracruz, El Tajín, This is an accepted manuscript and the version of record can be found at https://doi.org/10.1215/00141801-9522189

: Clinical Trials And The Origins Of Pharmaceutical Fraud; This paper describes one possible origin point for fraudulent behavior within the American pharmaceutical industry. We argue that during the late nineteenth century therapeutic reformers sought to promote both laboratory science and increasingly systematized forms of clinical experiment as a new basis for therapeutic knowledge. This process was intertwined with a transformation in the ethical framework in which medical science took place, one in which monopoly status was replaced by clinical utility as the primary arbiter of pharmaceutical legitimacy. This new framework fundamentally altered the set of epistemic virtues-a phrase we draw from the philosophical field of virtue epistemology-considered necessary to conduct reliable scientific inquiry regarding drugs. In doing so, it also made possible new forms of fraud in which newly emergent epistemic virtues were violated. To make this argument, we focus on the efforts of Francis E. Stewart and George S. Davis of Parke, Davis & Company. Therapeutic reformers within the pharmaceutical industry, such as Stewart and Davis, were an important part of the broader normative and epistemic transformation we describe in that they sought to promote laboratory science and systematized clinical trials toward the twin goals of improving pharmaceutical science and promoting their own commercial interests. Yet, as we suggest, Parke, Davis & Company also serves as an example of a company that violated the very norms that Stewart and Davis helped introduce. We thus seek to describe one possible origin point for the widespread fraudulent practices that now characterize the pharmaceutical industry. We also seek to describe an origin point for why we conceptualize such practices as fraudulent in the first place., american, science, industry, & Company, clinical trials, corruption, Davis, Francis Stewart, George Davis, historical epistemology, history of medicine, history of science, medicine, Parke, pharmaceutical industry, philosophy of science, virtue epistemology, The publisher's version of record is availible at https://doi.org/10.1177/0073275320942435

: Europe On Trial: The Story Of Collaboration, Resistance, And Retribution During World War II; Publication Note: The publisher’s version of record is available at https://doi.org/10.1353/sho.2016.0029

: Power Of Systems; Publication Note: The publisher’s version of record is available at https://doi.org/10.1086/697920

: Revolution Armed, Revolution Victorious; The end of the Napoleonic Wars ushered in a period of relative peace in Europe. The situation was far different across the Atlantic. There, 1815 marked a dramatic escalation of the war between Spain and its insurgent colonies, a war that would end a decade later in Latin American independence. But as 1815 drew to a close, the cause of Latin American independence appeared to be on the verge of total defeat. Within a couple of years, however, the insurgents had regained the initiative and begun the continent-spanning campaigns that would ultimately end Europe's oldest and largest overseas empire. This article examines one of the factors in the sudden revival of insurgent fortunes : the massive importation of weapons from demobilized Europe. These not only armed the troops of Bolivar and San Martin, but, perhaps more importantly, helped generate mass political support by the insurgency by lending it a new sense of credibility.

: See You In The Streets

: White Sand, Black Beach

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Department of History