Department of Geriatrics

: Aerobic Exercise and Whole-Body Vibration in Offsetting Bone Loss in Older Adults; Osteoporosis and its associated fractures are common complications of aging and most strategies to prevent and/or treat bone loss focused on antiresorptive medications. However, aerobic exercise (AEX) and/or whole-body vibration (WBV) might have beneficial effect on bone mass and provide an alternative approach to increase or maintain bone mineral density (BMD) and reduce the risk of fractures. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the potential benefits of AEX and WBV on BMD in older population and discuss the possible mechanisms of action. Several online databases were utilized and based on the available literature the consensus is that both AEX and WBV may increase spine and femoral BMD in older adults. Therefore, AEX and WBV could serve as nonpharmacological and complementary approaches to increasing/maintaining BMD. However, it is uncertain if noted effects could be permanent and further studies are needed to investigate sustainability of either type of the exercise., Keywords: aerobic exercise, whole body vibration, bone mineral density, osteoporosis, Note: Published online in J Aging Res. 2011 Jan 3;2011:379674. doi: 10.4061/2011/379674, Citation: Liu PY, Brummel-Smith K, Ilich JZ, Aerobic Exercise and Whole-Body Vibration in Offsetting Bone Loss in Older Adults, Journal of Aging Research, vol. 2011, Article ID 379674, 2011.

: Aging Partners Managing Chronic Illness Together; Prior literature on illness management within intimate relationships demonstrates a variety of benefits from supportive partnership. Indeed, much of the earliest research in this field engaged older adults with and without chronic conditions. However, this pioneering literature gave little consideration to relationships in which multiple partners were coping with chronic illness. By contrast, the majority of published manuscripts presented a "sick partner/well partner" model in which caregiving flowed only in one direction. Yet this idea makes little sense in the context of contemporaneous data on population aging and health as a majority of older adults now live with at least one chronic condition. Scholars still have not delved explicitly into the experiences of the vast population of older relationship partners who are managing chronic conditions simultaneously. We thus welcome readers to this special content collection on ., Keywords: Caregiving and management, Chronic diseases, Decision making, Gender/sexuality, Health care disparity, Mental health, Quality of life, Race/ethnicity, Publication Note: This NIH-funded author manuscript originally appeared in PubMed Central at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5669316.

: Alternative to the Search for Single Polymorphisms; There is growing evidence that personality traits are affected by many genes, all of which have very small effects. As an alternative to the largely unsuccessful search for individual polymorphisms associated with personality traits, the authors identified large sets of potentially related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and summed them to form molecular personality scales (MPSs) with from 4 to 2,497 SNPs. Scales were derived from two thirds of a large (N = 3,972) sample of individuals from Sardinia who completed the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (P. T. Costa, Jr., & R. R. McCrae, 1992) and were assessed in a genomewide association scan. When MPSs were correlated with the phenotype in the remaining one third of the sample, very small but significant associations were found for 4 of the 5e personality factors when the longest scales were examined. These data suggest that MPSs for Neuroticism, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness (but not Extraversion) contain genetic information that can be refined in future studies, and the procedures described here should be applicable to other quantitative traits., Keywords: Genome-wide association study, personality assessment, founder effect, Five-Factor Model, Uncontrolled subjects: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Founder Effect, Genome-Wide Association Study, Humans, Italy, Male, Middle Aged, Molecular Diagnostic Techniques, Personality, Personality Assessment, Personality Inventory, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Reproducibility of Results, Note: Published in final edited form as: J Pers Soc Psychol. 2010 December; 99(6): 1014–1024. doi: 10.1037/a0020964, Citation: McCrae RR, Scally M, Terracciano A, Abecasis GR, & Costa PT Jr. (2010). An alternative to the search for single polymorphisms: Toward molecular personality scales for the Five-Factor Model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 1014-1024.

: Assessing the Universal Structure of Personality in Early Adolescence; The structure and psychometric characteristics of the NEO Personality Inventory-3 (NEO-PI-3), a more readable version of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R), are examined and compared with NEO-PI-R characteristics using data from college student observer ratings of 5,109 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years from 24 cultures. Replacement items in the PI-3 showed on average stronger item-total correlations and slightly improved facet reliabilities compared with the NEO-PI-R in both English- and non-English-speaking samples. NEO-PI-3 replacement items did not substantially affect scale means compared with the original scales. Analyses across and within cultures confirmed the intended factor structure of both versions when used to describe young adolescents. The authors discuss implications of these cross-cultural findings for the advancement of studies in adolescence and personality development across the lifespan., Keywords: adolescence, Five-Factor Model, personality, observer ratings, personality assessment, personality development, Uncontrolled subjects: Age Factors, Child, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Female, Humans, Male, Personality Assessment, Personality Development, Personality Inventory, Psychometrics, Reference Values, Reproducibility of Results, Students, Young Adult, Note: Published in final edited form as: Assessment. 2009 September; 16(3): 301–311. Published online 2009 May 5. doi: 10.1177/1073191109333760, Citation: De Fruyt F, De Bolle M, McCrae RR, Terracciano A, Costa PT Jr. & 43 Collaborators of the Adolescent Personality Profiles of Cultures Project (2009). Assessing the universal structure of personality in early adolescence: The NEO-PI-R and NEO-PI-3 in 24 cultures. Assessment, 16, 301-311.

: Associations Between Personality Traits, Physical Activity Level, and Muscle Strength; Associations among personality as measured by the Five Factor Model, physical activity, and muscle strength were assessed using data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (N = 1220, age: mean = 58, SD = 16). General linear modeling with adjustment for age, sex, race, and body mass index, and bootstrapping for mediation were used. We found neuroticism and most of its facets to negatively correlate with strength. The extraversion domain and its facets of warmth, activity, and positive-emotions were positively correlated with strength, independent of covariates. Mediation analysis results suggest that these associations are partly explained by physical activity level. Findings extend the evidence of an association between personality and physical function to its strength component and indicate health behavior as an important pathway., Keywords: agreeableness, extraversion, muscle strength, neuroticism, personality, physical activity, Note: Published in final edited form as: J Res Pers. 2012 June; 46(3): 264–270. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2012.02.002, Citation: Tolea M, Terracciano A, Simonsick EM, Metter J, Costa PT Jr., & Ferrucci L (2012). Associations between personality traits, physical activity level, and muscle strength. Journal of Research in Personality, 46, 264-270.

: Beyond Competency: Medication Management in Care Transitions for Medical Students, Residents, and Other Health Care Practitioners; At the conclusion of this application-based activity participants should be able to: 1) Conduct a medication review and medication reconciliation. 2) Formulate a differential diagnosis and recommend an evaluation and treatment plan for older adults with adverse drug effects and polypharmacy. 3) Describe systems to promote patient safety and optimal transitions of care related to medications with interprofessional input., Keywords: geriatrics, workshop, medication, prescriptions, patient safety, Preferred Citation: Presented at the 2016 Annual American Geriatrics Society Meeting.

: Breastfeeding and Adult Personality.; Five Factor Model (FFM) personality traits are implicated in long-term health-risk behaviors and outcomes. Less research has addressed how early-life experiences are associated with individual differences in these traits in adulthood. We examine whether having been breastfed is associated with adult personality and well-being in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. At Wave 1, caregivers reported whether the target child had been breastfed. At Wave 4, participants (=13,113; 53% female; =28.98) completed measures of psychological functioning. We tested for mean-level differences in the traits by breastfeeding status (yes/no) and by the duration of breastfeeding, controlling for basic demographic factors and early-life factors that could confound the breastfeeding-personality association (e.g., mother education). Participants who had been breastfed scored lower in neuroticism, anxiety, and hostility and higher in openness and optimism than those not breastfed. A curvilinear relation suggested that neuroticism was lowest for those breastfed for 9-12 months and highest for those either breastfed for >24 months or exclusively bottle-fed. Breastfeeding was unrelated to conscientiousness or state psychological functioning. This research suggests long-term psychological benefits to breastfeeding and indicates that early life experiences are associated with traits that are consequential for adult health., Grant Number: P01 HD031921, R15 HD083947, Publication Note: This NIH-funded author manuscript originally appeared in PubMed Central at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5614468.

: Change In Five-factor Model Personality Traits During The Acute Phase Of The Coronavirus Pandemic; The rapid spread of the coronavirus and the strategies to slow it have disrupted just about every aspect of our lives. Such disruption may be reflected in changes in psychological function. The present study used a pre-posttest design to test whether Five Factor Model personality traits changed with the coronavirus outbreak in the United States. Participants (N= 2,137) were tested in early February 2020 and again during the President's 15 Days to Slow the Spread guidelines. In contrast to the preregistered hypotheses, Neuroticism decreased across these six weeks, particularly the facets of Anxiety and Depression, and Conscientiousness did not change. Interestingly, there was some evidence that the rapid changes in the social context had changed the meaning of an item. Specifically, an item about going to work despite being sick was a good indicator of conscientiousness before COVID-19, but the interpretation of it changed with the pandemic. In sum, the unexpected small decline in Neuroticism suggests that, during the acute phase of the coronavirus outbreak, feelings of anxiety and distress may be attributed more to the pandemic than to one's personality., impact, age, life events, The publisher's version of record is availible at https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237056

: Childhood Socioeconomic Status and Stress in Late Adulthood; This study examines how the effects of childhood socioeconomic status (SES) may carry on into late adulthood. We examine how childhood SES affects both perceived stress and allostatic load, which is a cumulative measure of the body's biologic response to chronic stress. We use the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project, Waves 1 and 2, and suggest a novel method of incorporating a longitudinal allostatic load measure. Individuals who grew up in low SES households have higher allostatic load scores in late adulthood, and this association is mediated mostly by educational attainment. The longitudinal allostatic load measure shows similar results to the singular measures and allows us to include 2 time points into one outcome measure. Incorporating 2 separate time points into one measure is important because allostatic load is a measure of cumulative physiological dysregulation, and longitudinal data provide a more comprehensive measure., Keywords: Allostatic load, Biomarkers, Early life conditions, Socioeconomic status, Stress, Publication Note: This NIH-funded author manuscript originally appeared in PubMed Central at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5714076.

: Climatic Warmth and National Wealth; National character stereotypes are widely shared, but do not reflect assessed levels of personality traits. In this article we present data illustrating the divergence of stereotypes and assessed personality traits in north and south Italy, test hypotheses about the associations of temperature and national wealth with national character stereotypes in 49 cultures, and explore possible links to national values and beliefs. Results suggest that warmth and wealth are common determinants of national stereotypes, but that there are also idiosyncratic influences on the perceptions of individual nations., Keywords: personality, national character, stereotypes, cross-cultural, Five-Factor Model, Note: Published in final edited form as: Eur J Pers. 2007 December 1; 21(8): 953–976. doi: 10.1002/per.647, Citation: McCrae RR, Terracciano A, Realo A, & Allik J (2007). Climatic warmth and national wealth: Some culture-level determinants of national character stereotypes. European Journal of Personality, 21, 953-976.

: Cognitive Impairment, Dementia, and Personality Stability Among Older Adults.; There is contrasting evidence on personality stability in advanced age, and limited knowledge on the impact of cognitive impairment and dementia on trait stability. Group- and individual-level longitudinal analyses of the five major dimensions of personality assessed twice over 4 years ( N = 9,935) suggest that rank-order stability was progressively lower with advancing age (from r = 0.68 for age 50 to 60 years to r = 0.58 for age >80 years). Stability was low in the dementia group ( r = 0.43), and this was not simply due to lower reliability given that internal consistency remained adequate in the dementia group. Among individuals with no cognitive impairment or dementia, there was no association between stability and age ( r = 0.70 even for age >80 years). These results suggest that the lower personality stability in older adults is not due to age but cognitive impairment and dementia., Keywords: Cognitive impairment, Conscientiousness, Dementia, Neuroticism, Personality traits, Profile stability, Rank-order stability, Grant Number: R03 AG051960, U01 AG009740, Publication Note: This NIH-funded author manuscript originally appeared in PubMed Central at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5725278.

: Comparative Effects of Dried Plum and Dried Apple On Bone In Postmenopausal Women; Aside from existing drug therapies, certain lifestyle and nutritional factors are known to reduce the risk of osteoporosis. Among the nutritional factors, dried plum or prunes (Prunus domestica L.) is the most effective fruit in both preventing and reversing bone loss. The objective of the present study was to examine the extent to which dried plum reverses bone loss in osteopenic postmenopausal women. We recruited 236 women, 1-10 years postmenopausal, not on hormone replacement therapy or any other prescribed medication known to influence bone metabolism. Qualified participants (n 160) were randomly assigned to one of the two treatment groups: dried plum (100 g/d) or dried apple (comparative control). Participants received 500 mg Ca plus 400 IU (10 μg) vitamin D daily. Bone mineral density (BMD) of lumbar spine, forearm, hip and whole body was assessed at baseline and at the end of the study using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Blood samples were collected at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months to assess bone biomarkers. Physical activity recall and 1-week FFQ were obtained at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months to examine physical activity and dietary confounders as potential covariates. Dried plum significantly increased BMD of ulna and spine in comparison with dried apple. In comparison with corresponding baseline values, only dried plum significantly decreased serum levels of bone turnover markers including bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5b. The findings of the present study confirmed the ability of dried plum in improving BMD in postmenopausal women in part due to suppressing the rate of bone turnover., Keywords: Bone Density, Bone Diseases, Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal, Uncontrolled subjects: Acid Phosphatase, Aged, Alkaline Phosphatase, Anthropometry, Biological Markers, Bone Density, Bone Diseases, Metabolic, Bone and Bones, Calcium, Diet, Exercise, Female, Humans, Isoenzymes, Malus, Middle Aged, Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal, Postmenopause, Prunus, Spine, Ulna, Note: Published in final edited form as Br J Nutr. 2011 Sep;106(6):923-30.: Published online May 31, 2011. doi: 10.1017/S000711451100119X, Citation: Hooshmand S, Chai SC, Saadat RL, Payton ME, Brummel-Smith K, Arjmandi BH. Comparative effects of dried plum and dried apple on bone in postmenopausal women, British Journal of Nutrition, Br J Nutr. 2011; 106: 923-30.

: Competency in Cognitive and Behavioral Disorders Management Workshop; The total workshop duration is 90 minutes, with an initial 20-minute lecture reviewing key elements of cognitive and behavioral disorders. After a brief orientation to the interactive workshop stations, participants then rotate through each of three stations for the next 50 minutes, and faculty sign off on their performance. A packet for each participant includes a face sheet for workshop faculty to document successful performance of each competency task by the participant upon completion of a station. If a participant fails the task on the first attempt, he or she is coached by the faculty facilitator and allowed to repeat the task to demonstrate competency, similar to the approach in life support education. Finally, a 20-minute session focuses on interprofessional communication skills and non-drug management of cognitive and behavioral disorders in the inpatient setting., Keywords: geriatrics, competencies, medical education, cognitive disorders, bahavioral disorders, assessment, screening, cases, mental disorders, Note: Presented at the 2012 and 2015 Annual American Geriatrics Society Meeting.

: Competency in Gait and Falls Risk Evaluation Workshop; The total workshop duration is 90 minutes, with an initial 15-minute lecture reviewing key elements of gait and falls risk. After a brief orientation to the interactive workshop stations, participants then rotate through each of four stations for the next 60 minutes, and faculty sign off on their performance. A packet for each participant includes a face sheet for workshop faculty to document successful performance of each competency task by the participant upon completion of a station. If a participant fails the task on the first attempt, he or she is coached by the faculty facilitator and allowed to repeat the task to demonstrate competency, similar to the approach in life support education. Finally, a 10-minute lecture focuses on how to disseminate the workshop., Note: Presented at the 2011 American Geriatrics Society Annual Meeting; 2012 American College of Physicians Annual Meeting. Movies drawn from the NeuroLogic Exam and PediNeuroLogic Exam websites are used by permission of Paul D. Larsen, M.D., University of Nebraska Medical Center and Suzanne S. Stensaas, Ph.D., University of Utah School of Medicine. Additional materials were drawn from resources provided by Alejandro Stern, Stern Foundation, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Kathleen Digre, M.D., University of Utah; and Daniel Jacobson, M.D., Marshfield Clinic, Wisconsin. The movies are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommerical-ShareAlike 2.5 License. http://library.med.utah.edu/neurologicexam/html/gait_abnormal.html#01, Citation: Granville, Lisa MD; Tan, Zaldy S. MD, MPH, and Atkinson, Hal H. MD; "Competency in Gait and Falls Risk Workshop" (2013). Department of Geriatrics Teaching Resources

: Competency in Medication Management Workshop; The total workshop duration is 90 minutes, with an initial 15-minute lecture reviewing key elements of medication management. After a brief orientation to the interactive workshop stations, participants then rotate through each of three stations for the next 60 minutes, and faculty sign off on their performance. A packet for each participant includes a face sheet for workshop faculty to document successful performance of each competency task by the participant upon completion of a station. If a participant fails the task on the first attempt, he or she is coached by the faculty facilitator and allowed to repeat the task to demonstrate competency, similar to the approach in life support education. Finally, a 10-minute lecture focuses on how to disseminate the workshop., Keywords: geriatrics, competencies, medical education, medication management, patient safety, polypharmacy, toolkit, medication errors, Note: Presented at the 2013 Annual American Geriatrics Society Meeting., Citation: Granville, Lisa MD; Atkinson, Hal H. MD; Tan, Zaldy S. MD, MPH; and Shimomura, Sam PharmD, "Competency in Medication Management Workshop" (2013). Department of Geriatrics Teaching Resources. http://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/geriatrics_resources/2

: Cross-Cultural Studies of Personality Traits and Their Relevance to Psychiatry; AIMS: This article provides a brief review of recent cross-cultural research on personality traits at both individual and culture levels, highlighting the relevance of recent findings for psychiatry. METHOD: In most cultures around the world, personality traits can be clearly summarized by the five broad dimensions of the Five-Factor Model (FFM), which makes it feasible to compare cultures on personality and psychopathology. RESULTS: Maturational patterns and sex differences in personality traits generally show cultural invariance, which generates the hypothesis that age of onset, clinical evolution, and sex differences in the prevalence of psychiatric disorders might follow similar universal patterns. The average personality profiles from 51 cultures show meaningful geographical distributions and associations with culture-level variables, but are clearly unrelated to national character stereotypes. CONCLUSIONS: Aggregate personality scores can potentially be related to epidemiological data on psychiatric disorders, and dimensional personality models have implications for psychiatric diagnosis and treatment around the world., Keywords: personality, psychopathology, culture, personality disorders, Uncontrolled subjects: Age Factors, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Humans, Mental Disorders, Psychiatry, Note: Originally published in Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale., Citation: Terracciano A & McCrae RR (2006). Cross-cultural studies of personality traits and their relevance to psychiatry. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale, 15, 176-84.

: Cystic Fibrosis Kidney Disease; Increased longevity in people with cystic fibrosis (CF) means that more people are surviving long enough to develop kidney complications. Nephrologists and their colleagues now face a steep learning curve as many of them encounter patients with CF related kidney disease (CFKD) for the first time. This article presents perspectives from a medical sociologist with CF on what renal health professionals should know about people with CFKD. It outlines challenges that people with CFKD as they age, framing these struggles as opportunities for clinicians to help these unique patients achieve and maintain their best possible quality of life., Keywords: mortality, care, adults, aging, management, recommendations, patient, best practices, cystic fibrosis, foundation, illness management, patient perspectives, pseudomonas-aeruginosa, Publication Note: The publisher’s version of record is available at https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2018.00242

: Ethnicity, Education, and the Temporal Stability of Personality Traits In the East Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study; We examined the influence of age, gender, Black vs. White ethnicity, and education on five indices of personality stability and change across an average interval of 8 years in the East Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area study. In the full sample (n = 505, aged 30-88), examination of structural, rank-order, ipsative, and mean level stability, as well as indices of reliable change suggested that NEO-PI-R personality traits showed moderate to high levels of stability over time. There were few age and gender effects on temporal stability but rank-order, ipsative, and mean level stability were lower among Blacks and individuals with lower education. Future research should explore additional demographic predictors of temporal plasticity in a diverse range of samples, and employ observer ratings to assess personality., Keywords: personality, Five-Factor Model, Temporal Stability Indices, demographics, ethnicity, education, age, Epidemiologic Catchment Area, Note: Published in final edited form as: J Res Pers. 2008; 42(3): 577–598. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2007.09.004, Citation: Loeckenhoff CE, Terracciano A, Bienvenu OJ, Patriciu NS, Nestadt G, McCrae RR, Eaton WW, & Costa PT Jr. (2008). Ethnicity, education, and the temporal stability of personality traits in the East Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 577-598.

: Facets of Conscientiousness and risk of dementia.; Multiple studies have found Conscientiousness to be protective against dementia. The purpose of this study is to identify which specific aspects, or facets, of Conscientiousness are most protective against cognitive impairment and whether these associations are moderated by demographic factors and/or genetic risk. Health and Retirement Study participants were selected for analysis if they completed the facets of Conscientiousness measure, scored in the range of normal cognitive functioning at the baseline personality assessment, and had at least one follow-up assessment of cognition over the up to 6-year follow-up (N = 11 181). Cox regression was used to test for risk of incident dementia and risk of incident cognitive impairment not dementia (CIND). Over the follow-up, 278 participants developed dementia and 2186 participants developed CIND. The facet of responsibility had the strongest and most consistent association with dementia risk: every standard deviation increase in this facet was associated with a nearly 35% decreased risk of dementia; self-control and industriousness were also protective. Associations were generally similar when controlling for clinical, behavioral, and genetic risk factors. These three facets were also independent predictors of decreased risk of CIND. The present research indicates that individuals who see themselves as responsible, able to control their behavior, and hard workers are less likely to develop CIND or dementia and that these associations persist after accounting for some common clinical, behavioral, and genetic risk factors., Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, Conscientiousness, Cognitive impairment, Dementia, Facets, Order, Responsibility, Self-control, Grant Number: R01 AG053297, R03 AG051960, Publication Note: This NIH-funded author manuscript originally appeared in PubMed Central at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5839940.

: Factorial and Construct Validity of the Italian Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS); This study provides evidence that an Italian version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a reliable and valid self-report measure. In an Italian sample (N = 600), the PANAS showed solid psychometric properties, and several American findings with the PANAS were replicated. The replicability of the PANAS factor structure was confirmed by high congruence coefficients between the American and Italian varimax solutions. Alternative models were tested with Confirmatory Factor Analysis; as in previous studies, the two-factor model achieved the best fit, but absolute fit indices varied with the estimation methods used. The independence/bipolarity issue was also explored: Positive and negative affect scales remain substantially independent after accounting for measurement error and acquiescence. Some predictions from the tripartite model of anxiety and depression were confirmed, and external correlates of the PANAS replicated those found in other languages and cultures. These analyses offer strong support for the construct validity of the Italian PANAS., Keywords: positive and negative affect, CFA, estimation method, tripartite model of anxiety and depression, cross-cultural, Note: Published in final edited form as: Eur J Psychol Assess. 2003; 19(2): 131–141. doi: 10.1027//1015-5759.19.2.131, Citation: Terracciano A, McCrae RR, & Costa, PT Jr. (2003). Factorial and construct validity of the Italian Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 19, 131-141.

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