Search results

Title: Measuring Performances, Skill and Accuracy in Operational Oceanography: New Challenges and Approaches.
Creator: Hernandez, Fabrice, Smith, Greg, Baetens, Katrijn, Cossarini, Gianpiero, Garcia-Hermosa, Isabel, Drevillon, Marie, Maksymczuk, Jan, Melet, Angelique, Regnier, Charly, von...
Show moreHernandez, Fabrice, Smith, Greg, Baetens, Katrijn, Cossarini, Gianpiero, Garcia-Hermosa, Isabel, Drevillon, Marie, Maksymczuk, Jan, Melet, Angelique, Regnier, Charly, von Schuckman, Karina
Show less
Abstract/Description: Operational oceanography is now established in many countries, focusing on global, regional, or coastal areas, and targeting different aspects of the « blue », « white » or « green » ocean processes in order to provide reliable information to users. There are nowadays a large variety of interests and users, with different disciplines and levels of expertise. Validation and verification of operational products and systems are evolving in order to anticipate user’s needs, and better quantify...
Show moreOperational oceanography is now established in many countries, focusing on global, regional, or coastal areas, and targeting different aspects of the « blue », « white » or « green » ocean processes in order to provide reliable information to users. There are nowadays a large variety of interests and users, with different disciplines and levels of expertise. Validation and verification of operational products and systems are evolving in order to anticipate user’s needs, and better quantify the level of confidence on all these variety of ocean products. Operational oceanography evaluation development is in front of key issues: Ocean models are reaching the submesoscale description, which is currently not adequately observed; many products are available now for a given ocean variable, and often discrepancies are larger than similarities; real time forecasting systems are also challenged by reanalyses or reprocessed time series; operational systems are getting more complex, with coupled modelling, where errors from the different compartment need to be carefully addressed in order to measure their performance and provide further improvements. In parallel, the global ocean observing system is continuously completed with additional satellites in the constellation, with innovative sensors on new satellite missions, with efforts to better integrate the global, regional and coastal in-situ observing capabilities, and the design of new instrument, like the BGC-Argo that should bring an enhanced description of the ocean biogeochemical variability. This book chapter provides an overview of the existing, mature, validation and verification science in operational oceanography; discusses the ongoing efforts and new strategies; presents some of the structured groups and outcomes; and lists a series of challenges on the field.
Show less
Date Issued: 2018-08-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1536252250_60bd7961, 10.17125/gov2018.ch29
Format: Citation

Title: Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Management of Jellyfish Swarms.
Creator: Prieto, Laura
Abstract/Description: Jellyfish includes creatures that are mostly constituted by water and have a gelatinous consistency. In this chapter, after providing a biological description of these organisms, the scales of variability associated to their life cycle and framing their dynamics in the context of the climate change, I review the diverse initiatives and management of coastal jellyfish swarms. Jellyfish swarms have relevant social and economic implications; however, systematic and periodic data of jellyfish...
Show moreJellyfish includes creatures that are mostly constituted by water and have a gelatinous consistency. In this chapter, after providing a biological description of these organisms, the scales of variability associated to their life cycle and framing their dynamics in the context of the climate change, I review the diverse initiatives and management of coastal jellyfish swarms. Jellyfish swarms have relevant social and economic implications; however, systematic and periodic data of jellyfish occurrences along beaches is sparse. This data would help us to understand the inter-annual variability of the episodes of high jellyfish abundances and its potential relation to variable environmental conditions. Joint strategies with tools available to scientist, administration, policymakers, and stakeholders can optimize the cost of gathering these in situ data and maximize the benefit obtained from its scientific analysis. Three case studies of jellyfish blooms are presented, from which we can infer the importance of co-creation with stakeholders emerges as a key issue to allow for a solid understanding of the episodes and the implementation of appropriate knowledge-based future mitigation actions.
Show less
Date Issued: 2018-08-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1536250476_fa87299b, 10.17125/gov2018.ch28
Format: Citation

Title: Operational Oceanography at the Service of the Ports.
Creator: Fanjul, Enrique Alvarez, Sotillo, Marcos Garcia, Perez Gomez, Begona, Garcia Valdecasas, Jose Maria, Perez Rubio, Susana, Lorente, Pablo, Rodriguez Dapena, Alvaro, Martinez...
Show moreFanjul, Enrique Alvarez, Sotillo, Marcos Garcia, Perez Gomez, Begona, Garcia Valdecasas, Jose Maria, Perez Rubio, Susana, Lorente, Pablo, Rodriguez Dapena, Alvaro, Martinez Marco, Isabel, Luna, Yolanda, Padorno, Elena, Santos Atienza, Ines, Diaz Hernandez, Gabriel, Lopez Lara, Javier, Medina, Raul, Grifoll, Manel, Espino, Manuel, Mestres, Marc, Cerralbo, Pablo, Sanchez Arcilla, Augustin
Show less
Abstract/Description: The Spanish ports demand operational oceanography products for their operation. In recent years, this demand has been fulfilled by SAMOA project. SAMOA (Sistema de Apoyo Meteorológico y Oceanográfico a las Autoridades portuarias - System of Meteorological and Oceanographic Support for Port Authorities) is revolutionary in the way solutions are provided to the operational oceanography needs of port authorities. An integrated system, ultimately based on Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring...
Show moreThe Spanish ports demand operational oceanography products for their operation. In recent years, this demand has been fulfilled by SAMOA project. SAMOA (Sistema de Apoyo Meteorológico y Oceanográfico a las Autoridades portuarias - System of Meteorological and Oceanographic Support for Port Authorities) is revolutionary in the way solutions are provided to the operational oceanography needs of port authorities. An integrated system, ultimately based on Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) data, has been developed. A total of 10 new high-resolution atmospheric models (1 km resolution, based on Harmonie), 10 wave models (5 m, mild slope), and nine circulation models (70 m, ROMS) have been developed and operationally implemented. In terms of instrumentation, SAMOA has improved the preexisting large network of Puertos del Estado by means of 13 new meteorological stations and three global navigation satellite systems associated with the tide gauges. Twenty-five ports from 18 port authorities will benefit from these new modeling and monitoring advances.
Show less
Date Issued: 2018-08-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1536250022_c6bf20b2, 10.17125/gov2018.ch27
Format: Citation

Title: Learning about Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service “CMEMS”: A Practical Introduction to the Use of the European Operational Oceanography Service.
Creator: Drevillon, Marie, Bahurel, Pierre, Bazin, David, Benkiran, Mounir, Beuvier, Jonathan, Crosnier, Laurence, Drillet, Yann, Durand, Edmee, Fabardines, Michele, Garcia Hermosa,...
Show moreDrevillon, Marie, Bahurel, Pierre, Bazin, David, Benkiran, Mounir, Beuvier, Jonathan, Crosnier, Laurence, Drillet, Yann, Durand, Edmee, Fabardines, Michele, Garcia Hermosa, Isabel, Giordan, Cedric, Gutknecht, Elodie, Hernandez, Fabrice, Law Chune, Stephane, Le Traon, Pierre-Yves, Lellouche, Jean-Michel, Levier, Bruno, Melet, Angelique, Obaton, Dominique, Paul, Julien, Peltier, Mathieu, Peyrot, Diane, Remy, Elizabeth, von Schuckmann, Karina, Thomas-Couroux, Cecile
Show less
Abstract/Description: The Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS; http://marine.copernicus.eu) is one of the six services of the European Copernicus Programme for Earth Observation (http://www.copernicus.eu). CMEMS was implemented by Mercator Ocean beginning in 2014, under a delegation agreement from the European Commission. The operational services of CMEMS were set up gradually as part of a series of European projects, starting with MERSEA (2004-2008), and followed by MyOcean (2009-2012) under...
Show moreThe Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS; http://marine.copernicus.eu) is one of the six services of the European Copernicus Programme for Earth Observation (http://www.copernicus.eu). CMEMS was implemented by Mercator Ocean beginning in 2014, under a delegation agreement from the European Commission. The operational services of CMEMS were set up gradually as part of a series of European projects, starting with MERSEA (2004-2008), and followed by MyOcean (2009-2012) under FP7, and MyOcean2 (and its follow-on) from 2012 through 2015.
Show less
Date Issued: 2018-08-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1536248237_d2400064, 10.17125/gov2018.ch25
Format: Citation

Title: Assessment of High‐Resolution Regional Ocean Prediction Systems Using Multi‐Platform Observations: Illustrations in the Western Mediterranean Sea.
Creator: Mourre, Baptiste, Aguiar, Eva, Juza, Melanie, Hernandez-Lasheras, Jaime, Reyes, Emma, Heslop, Emma, Escudier, Romain, Cutolo, Eugenio, Ruiz, Simon, Mason, Evan, Pascual, Ananda,...
Show moreMourre, Baptiste, Aguiar, Eva, Juza, Melanie, Hernandez-Lasheras, Jaime, Reyes, Emma, Heslop, Emma, Escudier, Romain, Cutolo, Eugenio, Ruiz, Simon, Mason, Evan, Pascual, Ananda, Tintore, Joaquin
Show less
Abstract/Description: High-resolution regional models of the ocean circulation are now operated on a routine basis using realistic setups in many regions of the world, with the aim to be used for both scientific purposes and practical applications involving decision-making processes. While the evaluation of these simulations is essential for the provision of reliable information to users and allows the identification of areas of model improvement, it also highlights several challenges. Observations are limited and...
Show moreHigh-resolution regional models of the ocean circulation are now operated on a routine basis using realistic setups in many regions of the world, with the aim to be used for both scientific purposes and practical applications involving decision-making processes. While the evaluation of these simulations is essential for the provision of reliable information to users and allows the identification of areas of model improvement, it also highlights several challenges. Observations are limited and the real state of the ocean is, to a large extent, unknown at the short spatiotemporal scales resolved in these models. The skill of the model also generally varies with the region, variable, depth and the spatiotemporal scale under consideration. Moreover, the increased spatial resolution might require ad hoc metrics to properly reflect the model performance and reduce the impact of so-called “double-penalty” effects occurring when using point-topoint comparisons with features present in the model but misplaced with respect to the observations. Multiplatform observations currently collected through regional and coastal ocean observatories constitute very valuable databases to evaluate the simulations. Gliders, high frequency radars, moorings, Lagrangian surface drifters, and profiling floats all provide, with their own specific sampling capability, partial but accurate information about the ocean and its variability at different scales. This is complementary to the global measurements collected from satellites. Using a case study in the Western Mediterranean Sea, this chapter illustrates the opportunities offered by multi-platform measurements to assess the realism of highresolution regional model simulations.
Show less
Date Issued: 2018-08-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1536246976_5338033b, 10.17125/gov2018.ch24
Format: Citation

Title: Understanding and Predicting El Niño and the Southern Oscillation.
Creator: McPhaden, Michael J.
Abstract/Description: This chapter reviews basic concepts about the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle and its global climatic impacts. It also highlights progress in understanding, observing, and predicting ENSO timescale variations, focusing on the 2015–16 El Niño as a case study. This El Niño was one of the strongest on record; its evolution and many of its far-field impacts were remarkably well predicted at lead times of 6–9 months. Despite progress to date, however, there are many outstanding issues...
Show moreThis chapter reviews basic concepts about the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle and its global climatic impacts. It also highlights progress in understanding, observing, and predicting ENSO timescale variations, focusing on the 2015–16 El Niño as a case study. This El Niño was one of the strongest on record; its evolution and many of its far-field impacts were remarkably well predicted at lead times of 6–9 months. Despite progress to date, however, there are many outstanding issues that need to be addressed to improve our understanding and ability to predict ENSO.
Show less
Date Issued: 2018-08-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1536246405_5f98ffed, 10.17125/gov2018.ch23
Format: Citation

Title: Marine Biogeochemical Modelling and Data Assimilation for Operational Forecasting, Reanalysis, and Climate Research.
Creator: Ford, David, Key, Susan, McEwan, Robert, Totterdell, Ian, Gehlen, Marion
Abstract/Description: Predictions of marine biogeochemistry are of importance for a range of applications, from operational forecasting of harmful algal blooms, to seasonal prediction of primary production, to understanding the influence of the marine carbon cycle on future climate change. Reanalyses, which include data assimilation in model hindcasts, are also required for the assessment of long-term environmental change. The inclusion of marine biogeochemistry in ocean forecasting and reanalysis systems is still...
Show morePredictions of marine biogeochemistry are of importance for a range of applications, from operational forecasting of harmful algal blooms, to seasonal prediction of primary production, to understanding the influence of the marine carbon cycle on future climate change. Reanalyses, which include data assimilation in model hindcasts, are also required for the assessment of long-term environmental change. The inclusion of marine biogeochemistry in ocean forecasting and reanalysis systems is still in its early stages, but is already providing valuable insights. This chapter begins by giving an overview of biogeochemical modelling and data assimilation, and discussing challenges around physical-biogeochemical coupling and the use of observations. A summary of current applications to operational forecasting, reanalysis and climate studies is then given, before a vision is presented for a fully integrated prediction framework, linking five-day regional forecasting to global climate research.
Show less
Date Issued: 2018-08-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1536246093_2a451821, 10.17125/gov2018.ch22
Format: Citation

Title: The Mercator Ocean Global High‐Resolution Monitoring and Forecasting System.
Creator: Lellouche, Jean-Michel, Greiner, Eric, Le Galloudec, Olivier, Regnier, Charly, Benkiran, Mounir, Testut, Charles-Emmanuel, Bourdalle-Badie, Romain, Drevillon, Marie, Garric,...
Show moreLellouche, Jean-Michel, Greiner, Eric, Le Galloudec, Olivier, Regnier, Charly, Benkiran, Mounir, Testut, Charles-Emmanuel, Bourdalle-Badie, Romain, Drevillon, Marie, Garric, Gilles, Drillet, Yann
Show less
Abstract/Description: Mercator Ocean monitoring and forecasting systems are routinely operated in real time since early 2001. They have been regularly upgraded through several systems of increasing complexity, expanding the geographical coverage from regional to global, improving models and assimilation schemes. In this chapter we give a description of the current Mercator Ocean real-time, global high-resolution system. The ocean model, the observations, and the data assimilation scheme are detailed with a...
Show moreMercator Ocean monitoring and forecasting systems are routinely operated in real time since early 2001. They have been regularly upgraded through several systems of increasing complexity, expanding the geographical coverage from regional to global, improving models and assimilation schemes. In this chapter we give a description of the current Mercator Ocean real-time, global high-resolution system. The ocean model, the observations, and the data assimilation scheme are detailed with a particular focus to the specifics of the Mercator Ocean system. Technical details about the real-time operation of the system are given. The system is then examined through a scientific evaluation, highlighting the level of performance and the reliability of the system. User needs and evolutions of the system are finally drawn.
Show less
Date Issued: 2018-08-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1536245264_041d5712, 10.17125/gov2018.ch20
Format: Citation

Title: Ocean Reanalyses.
Creator: Haines, Keith
Abstract/Description: Ocean reanalyses are becoming increasingly available and useful, and may eventually attract a similar applications base as atmospheric reanalyses. Here we look at how they are being evaluated against both assimilated and independent data, and emphasise that circulation and transport estimates are critical. The Ocean Reanalysis Intercomparison project, ORA-IP, has been comparing many products for consistency on a regional and global basis, including ocean heat content, air-sea fluxes, and...
Show moreOcean reanalyses are becoming increasingly available and useful, and may eventually attract a similar applications base as atmospheric reanalyses. Here we look at how they are being evaluated against both assimilated and independent data, and emphasise that circulation and transport estimates are critical. The Ocean Reanalysis Intercomparison project, ORA-IP, has been comparing many products for consistency on a regional and global basis, including ocean heat content, air-sea fluxes, and recently polar properties including sea ice. The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation as measured by the RAPID array at 26N, is now a challenging new target for simulation. This chapter shows that reanalyses may represent interior ocean basin circulations well (better than free-running models) but they still fail to consistently constrain boundary currents, where most meridional heat transport takes place. There is new work ongoing to try to physically interpret observation increments in reanalysis products, and to look at how to best develop long period reanalysis in earlier years when ocean observations were scarce. Finally, we look at new coupled ocean-atmosphere reanalysis that, by always maintaining a coupled ocean-atmospheric boundary layer, may lead to reduced assimilation increments and air-sea fluxes across domains.
Show less
Date Issued: 2018-08-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1536244792_a60d1e66, 10.17125/gov2018.ch19
Format: Citation

Title: Operational Ocean Data Assimilation.
Creator: Jacobs, Gregg A., Barron, Charlie N., Blain, Cheryl A., Carrier, Matthew J., D'Addezio, Joseph M., Helber, Robert W., May, Jackie C., Ngodock, Hans E., Osborne, John J., Orzech,...
Show moreJacobs, Gregg A., Barron, Charlie N., Blain, Cheryl A., Carrier, Matthew J., D'Addezio, Joseph M., Helber, Robert W., May, Jackie C., Ngodock, Hans E., Osborne, John J., Orzech, Mark D., Rowley, Clark D., Souopgui, Innocent, Smith, Scott R., Veeramony, Jay, Yaremchuk, Max
Show less
Abstract/Description: Operational ocean data assimilation is necessary to continually correct and maintain accurate ocean forecasts. The primary GODAE objective was prediction of mesoscale eddies, and the science community has successfully addressed this issue. Here, we examine a data assimilation process for this problem, beginning with a generalized solution of 4D variation assimilation (4DVar) so that assumptions will be clear as we reduce to a 3DVar that is often used operationally. The primary difficulty lies...
Show moreOperational ocean data assimilation is necessary to continually correct and maintain accurate ocean forecasts. The primary GODAE objective was prediction of mesoscale eddies, and the science community has successfully addressed this issue. Here, we examine a data assimilation process for this problem, beginning with a generalized solution of 4D variation assimilation (4DVar) so that assumptions will be clear as we reduce to a 3DVar that is often used operationally. The primary difficulty lies in specifying the covariances that relate variables at different locations in space and time. Simplifications are applied to provide covariances that sufficiently describe the relations and are computationally feasible. Some deficiencies are introduced through the assumptions leading to the 3DVar and within the covariances, and this points to areas of future research. Prior assumptions were predicated on the expected observing systems and numerical model capabilities, which were all consistent with prediction of mesoscale features. We believe that numerical models and observations will surpass present capability, and there is strong motivation to move data assimilation forward to achieve prediction at scales not now feasible.
Show less
Date Issued: 2018-08-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1536244592_c06ea90f, 10.17125/gov2018.ch18
Format: Citation

Title: Data Assimilation in Oceanography: Current Status and New Directions.
Creator: Hoteit, Ibrahim, Luo, Xiaodong, Bocquet, Marc, Kohl, Armin, Ait-El-Fquih, Boujemaa
Abstract/Description: Characterizing and forecasting the state of the ocean is essential for various scientific, management, commercial, and recreational applications. This is, however, a challenging problem due to the large, multiscale and nonlinear nature of the ocean state dynamics and the limited amount of observations. Combining all available information from numerical models describing the ocean dynamics, observations, and prior information has proven to be the most viable approach to determine the best...
Show moreCharacterizing and forecasting the state of the ocean is essential for various scientific, management, commercial, and recreational applications. This is, however, a challenging problem due to the large, multiscale and nonlinear nature of the ocean state dynamics and the limited amount of observations. Combining all available information from numerical models describing the ocean dynamics, observations, and prior information has proven to be the most viable approach to determine the best estimates of the ocean state, a process called data assimilation (DA). DA is becoming widespread in many ocean applications; stimulated by continuous advancement in modeling, observational, and computational capabilities. This chapter offers a comprehensive presentation of the theory and methods of ocean DA, outlining its current status and recent developments, and discussing new directions and open questions. Casting DA as a Bayesian state estimation problem, the chapter will gradually advance from the basic principles of DA to its most advanced methods. Three-dimensional DA methods, 3DVAR and Optimal Interpolation, are first derived, before incorporating time and present the most popular, Gaussian-based DA approaches: 4DVAR, Kalman filters and smoothers methods, which exploit past and/or future observations. Ensemble Kalman methods are next introduced in their stochastic and deterministic formulations as a stepping-stone toward the more advanced nonlinear/non-Gaussian DA methods, Particle and Gaussian Mixture filters. Other sophisticated hybrid extensions aimed at exploiting the advantages of both ensemble and variational methods are also presented. The chapter then concludes with a discussion on the importance of properly addressing the uncertainties in the models and the data, and available approaches to achieve this through parameters estimation, model errors quantification, and coupled DA.
Show less
Date Issued: 2018-08-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1536243752_af6d61f1, 10.17125/gov2018.ch17
Format: Citation

Title: Sea Ice Modelling and Forecasting.
Creator: Bouillon, Sylvain, Rampal, Pierre, Olason, Einar
Abstract/Description: Sea ice is a fascinating media, of which modelling is in its infancy compared to the ocean and atmosphere. This chapter focuses on the new frontiers in sea ice modelling and forecasting, with particular attention on sea ice dynamics. It is divided in two sections: 1) New frontiers in sea ice modelling and 2) New frontiers in sea ice forecasting. In the first section, we describe ice pack dynamics and then concentrate on the representation of sea ice dynamics in continuous models. A sub...
Show moreSea ice is a fascinating media, of which modelling is in its infancy compared to the ocean and atmosphere. This chapter focuses on the new frontiers in sea ice modelling and forecasting, with particular attention on sea ice dynamics. It is divided in two sections: 1) New frontiers in sea ice modelling and 2) New frontiers in sea ice forecasting. In the first section, we describe ice pack dynamics and then concentrate on the representation of sea ice dynamics in continuous models. A sub-section discusses the potential impacts on the ocean and atmosphere of explicitly resolving some features related to sea ice dynamics, in particular the opening and closing of leads, in coupled modelling systems. In the second section, we point out three important constraints on sea ice forecasting related to 1) potentially large biases in the near real-time data, 2) time-varying biases in the external forcing, and 3) far-from-equilibrium dynamical state. These points are explored by addressing the two following questions: “How can we beat ice charts persistency?” and “Can we predict sea ice fracturing and deformation days in advance?”
Show less
Date Issued: 2018-08-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1536242739_825c2157, 10.17125/gov2018.ch15
Format: Citation

Title: Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Modelling.
Creator: Harris, Chris
Abstract/Description: The concept of “coupled modelling” is a broad one with many different meanings and understandings within the operational oceanography community and beyond. Here we focus specifically on coupled atmosphere-ocean models and how these are developing for different timescale prediction systems. After a general introduction, we briefly describe the status of coupled modelling on climate timescales (the most mature area), followed by seasonal and decadal timescales. We then consider short- and...
Show moreThe concept of “coupled modelling” is a broad one with many different meanings and understandings within the operational oceanography community and beyond. Here we focus specifically on coupled atmosphere-ocean models and how these are developing for different timescale prediction systems. After a general introduction, we briefly describe the status of coupled modelling on climate timescales (the most mature area), followed by seasonal and decadal timescales. We then consider short- and medium-range coupled timescales which are the least mature, but the area of most relevance to the future of operational oceanography (and numerical weather prediction). The third section describes new frontier applications of these systems on the different timescales. Finally, we provide some concluding remarks on coupled modelling in the fourth section.
Show less
Date Issued: 2018-08-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1536243251_5afbe0aa, 10.17125/gov2018.ch16
Format: Citation

Title: Wind Waves.
Creator: Ardhuin, Fabrice, Orfila, Alejandro
Abstract/Description: Wind-generated waves dominate sea surface motions for periods shorter than 300 seconds. Waves are of interest for many applications ranging from navigation safety to ocean and coastal engineering. Waves also define air-sea fluxes and have important interactions with surface currents, upper ocean turbulence, and sea ice. Given the general focus of this book, we emphasize here the successes of wave forecasting methods, starting with a review of basic principles and how wave energy and momentum...
Show moreWind-generated waves dominate sea surface motions for periods shorter than 300 seconds. Waves are of interest for many applications ranging from navigation safety to ocean and coastal engineering. Waves also define air-sea fluxes and have important interactions with surface currents, upper ocean turbulence, and sea ice. Given the general focus of this book, we emphasize here the successes of wave forecasting methods, starting with a review of basic principles and how wave energy and momentum are modeled. In particular, we discuss the connection between wave modeling and remote sensing, and opportunities for joint measurements of currents and waves. A more detailed account of wave research and applications to geosciences can be found in Ardhuin (2018).
Show less
Date Issued: 2018-08-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1536242319_0ba81b16, 10.17125/gov2018.ch14
Format: Citation

Title: A Primer on Global Internal Tide and Internal Gravity Wave Continuum Modeling in HYCOM and MITgcm.
Creator: Arbic, Brian K., Alford, Matthew H., Ansong, Joseph K., Buijsman, Maarten C., Ciotti, Robert B., Farrar, J. Thomas, Hallberg, Robert W., Henze, Christopher E., Hill, Christopher...
Show moreArbic, Brian K., Alford, Matthew H., Ansong, Joseph K., Buijsman, Maarten C., Ciotti, Robert B., Farrar, J. Thomas, Hallberg, Robert W., Henze, Christopher E., Hill, Christopher N., Luecke, Conrad A., Menemenlis, Dimitris, Metzger, E. Joseph, Muller, Malte, Nelson, Arin D., Nelson, Bron C., Ngodock, Hans E., Ponte, Rui M., Richman, James G., Savage, Anna C., Scott, Robert B., Shriver, Jay F., Simmons, Harper L., Souopgui, Innocent, Timko, Patrick G., Wallcraft, Alan J., Zamudio, Luis, Zhao, Zhongxiang
Show less
Abstract/Description: In recent years, high-resolution (“eddying”) global three-dimensional ocean general circulation models have begun to include astronomical tidal forcing alongside atmospheric forcing. Such models can carry an internal tide field with a realistic amount of nonstationarity, and an internal gravity wave continuum spectrum that compares more closely with observations as model resolution increases. Global internal tide and gravity wave models are important for understanding the three-dimensional...
Show moreIn recent years, high-resolution (“eddying”) global three-dimensional ocean general circulation models have begun to include astronomical tidal forcing alongside atmospheric forcing. Such models can carry an internal tide field with a realistic amount of nonstationarity, and an internal gravity wave continuum spectrum that compares more closely with observations as model resolution increases. Global internal tide and gravity wave models are important for understanding the three-dimensional geography of ocean mixing, for operational oceanography, and for simulating and interpreting satellite altimeter observations. Here we describe the most important technical details behind such models, including atmospheric forcing, bathymetry, astronomical tidal forcing, self-attraction and loading, quadratic bottom boundary layer drag, parameterized topographic internal wave drag, shallow-water tidal equations, and a brief summary of the theory of linear internal gravity waves. We focus on simulations run with two models, the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model (MITgcm). We compare the modeled internal tides and internal gravity wave continuum to satellite altimeter observations, moored observational records, and the predictions of the Garrett-Munk (1975) internal gravity wave continuum spectrum. We briefly examine specific topics of interest, such as tidal energetics, internal tide nonstationarity, and the role of nonlinearities in generating the modeled internal gravity wave continuum. We also describe our first attempts at using a Kalman filter to improve the accuracy of tides embedded within a general circulation model. We discuss the challenges and opportunities of modeling stationary internal tides, non-stationary internal tides, and the internal gravity wave continuum spectrum for satellite altimetry and other applications.
Show less
Date Issued: 2018-08-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1536242074_55feafcc, 10.17125/gov2018.ch13
Format: Citation

Title: Ocean Circulation Modeling for Operational Oceanography: Current Status and Future Challenges.
Creator: Le Sommer, Julien, Chassignet, Eric P., Wallcraft, Alan J.
Abstract/Description: This chapter focuses on ocean circulation models used in operational oceanography, physical oceanography and climate science. Ocean circulation models are a particular branch of ocean numerical modeling that focuses on the representation of ocean physical properties over spatial scales ranging from the global scale to less than a kilometer and time scales ranging from hours to decades. As such, they are an essential building block for operational oceanography systems and their design receives...
Show moreThis chapter focuses on ocean circulation models used in operational oceanography, physical oceanography and climate science. Ocean circulation models are a particular branch of ocean numerical modeling that focuses on the representation of ocean physical properties over spatial scales ranging from the global scale to less than a kilometer and time scales ranging from hours to decades. As such, they are an essential building block for operational oceanography systems and their design receives a lot of attention from operational and research centers.
Show less
Date Issued: 2018-08-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1536240413_2ef906a5, 10.17125/gov2018.ch12
Format: Citation

Title: Satellite SST and SSS Observations and Their Roles to Constrain Ocean Models.
Creator: Lee, Tong, Gentemann, Chelle
Abstract/Description: Sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface salinity (SSS) are important parameters of the ocean that influence ocean circulation, air-sea interactions, and biogeochemistry. In the past few decades, since SST measurements from space have become routine, they have been fundamental to ocean and climate research. In the past several years, satellite measurements of SSS have become available to strengthen research and applications for the oceans and the linkages with other elements of the Earth...
Show moreSea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface salinity (SSS) are important parameters of the ocean that influence ocean circulation, air-sea interactions, and biogeochemistry. In the past few decades, since SST measurements from space have become routine, they have been fundamental to ocean and climate research. In the past several years, satellite measurements of SSS have become available to strengthen research and applications for the oceans and the linkages with other elements of the Earth system. This chapter introduces the key principles and advantages of measuring SST and SSS from space, their complementarity use with other satellite and in situ observations, the past and current missions for these measurements, characteristics of uncertainties for the related data products, and the utility of these measurements in evaluating and constraining ocean model/assimilation systems and improving forecasts.
Show less
Date Issued: 2018-08-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1536170753_61532520, 10.17125/gov2018.ch11
Format: Citation

Title: Fine-scale Altimetry and the Future SWOT Mission.
Creator: Morrow, Rosemary, Blurmstein, Dennis, Dibarboure, Gerald
Abstract/Description: This chapter describes recent advances in improving altimetry observations over the ocean for the detection of fine-scale ocean dynamics. The first section gives an overview of the different satellite radar altimetry techniques being used today at high-resolution over the open and coastal oceans: from conventional alongtrack nadir altimetry to along-track Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) at nadir. We present the advantages of the measurement techniques in conventional Ku-band (Jason) and Ka...
Show moreThis chapter describes recent advances in improving altimetry observations over the ocean for the detection of fine-scale ocean dynamics. The first section gives an overview of the different satellite radar altimetry techniques being used today at high-resolution over the open and coastal oceans: from conventional alongtrack nadir altimetry to along-track Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) at nadir. We present the advantages of the measurement techniques in conventional Ku-band (Jason) and Ka-band (Saral), and in global SAR mode (Sentinel-3). We show how the along-track errors are estimated, how they vary geographically and seasonally, and how they limit the sea surface height (SSH) scales resolved. We also address various mapping techniques being used to derive gridded SSH data and the issues for observing fine-scale ocean dynamics from altimeter data in the coastal zone. The second section addresses the future global SARinterferometry mission, Surface Water Ocean Topography (SWOT), which aims to measure terrestrial surface waters and ocean SSH over a wide swath. We concentrate on the ocean component of this mission, which will provide the first two-dimensional (2D) observations of SSH on a 1-2 km grid. The low noise level of the SWOT observations should allow us to observe physical processes in the open and coastal oceans with wavelength scales down to 15-20 km. We present the SWOT SAR-interferometry technique, as well as the mission’s sampling characteristics and error budget. Of particular interest is the range of ocean dynamics that have a SSH signature in the wavelength scale of 15-200 km, including small mesoscale structures, larger submesoscale fronts and filaments, internal tides, and internal gravity waves. These are difficult to observe with the present altimeter constellation due to the along-track altimetric sampling and higher noise levels. The chapter addresses how these fine-scale dynamics will be observed with the future SWOT SARinterferometric altimetry technology, the challenges in mapping the SWOT swath SSH observations, and the preparation to assimilate SWOT 2D SSH images into operational ocean models.
Show less
Date Issued: 2018-08-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1536170512_b3d57dea, 10.17125/gov2018.ch08
Format: Citation

Title: Surface Heat Fluxes and Wind Remote Sensing.
Creator: Bourassa, Mark A., Hughes, Paul J.
Abstract/Description: The exchange of heat and momentum through the air-sea surface are critical aspects of ocean forcing and ocean modeling. Over most of the global oceans, there are few in situ observations that can be used to estimate these fluxes. This chapter provides background on the calculation and application of air-sea fluxes, as well as the use of remote sensing to calculate these fluxes. Wind variability makes a large contribution to variability in surface fluxes, and the remote sensing of winds is...
Show moreThe exchange of heat and momentum through the air-sea surface are critical aspects of ocean forcing and ocean modeling. Over most of the global oceans, there are few in situ observations that can be used to estimate these fluxes. This chapter provides background on the calculation and application of air-sea fluxes, as well as the use of remote sensing to calculate these fluxes. Wind variability makes a large contribution to variability in surface fluxes, and the remote sensing of winds is relatively mature compared to the air sea differences in temperature and humidity, which are the other key variables. Therefore, the remote sensing of wind is presented in greater detail. These details enable the reader to understand how the improper use of satellite winds can result in regional and seasonal biases in fluxes, and how to calculate fluxes in a manner that removes these biases. Examples are given of high-resolution applications of fluxes, which are used to indicate the strengths and weakness of satellite-based calculations of ocean surface fluxes.
Show less
Date Issued: 2018-08-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1536170502_bb6b35e7, 10.17125/gov2018.ch10
Format: Citation

Title: An Operational Interpolated Ocean Colour Product in the Mediterranean Sea.
Creator: Volpe, Gianluca, Nardelli, Bruno Buongiorno, Colella, Simone, Pisano, Andrea, Santoleri, Rosalia
Abstract/Description: A novel technique to interpolate satellite ocean colour data has been developed and calibrated in the framework of the European MyOcean2 project and successively implemented within the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) specifically for the Mediterranean Sea products. The methodology is based on the Data Interpolating Empirical Orthogonal Functions technique, which interpolates data voids from Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) modes iteratively estimated as...
Show moreA novel technique to interpolate satellite ocean colour data has been developed and calibrated in the framework of the European MyOcean2 project and successively implemented within the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) specifically for the Mediterranean Sea products. The methodology is based on the Data Interpolating Empirical Orthogonal Functions technique, which interpolates data voids from Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) modes iteratively estimated as characteristic spatial patterns. Here, this method is extended to take into account the temporal correlation between the observations. A higher-dimensional approach is followed by using a temporal sequence of daily images to build the state vector and thus the observation matrix used to compute the EOFs. An ad-hoc smoothing procedure is also applied to resulting 2-dimensional fields to filter out spurious signals and provide consistent spatial reconstructions. Several tests are performed on a dataset at 4 km resolution to calibrate the technique and to assess, among other issues, the most convenient number of images to be included in the state vector. The final CMEMS product at 1 km resolution is then validated with the independent chlorophyll data collected during dedicated oceanographic surveys between 1997 and 2015 across the entire Mediterranean basin.
Show less
Date Issued: 2018-08-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1536170178_8177a3a7, 10.17125/gov2018.ch09
Format: Citation

Title: Satellites and Operational Oceanography.
Creator: Le Traon, Pierre-Yves
Abstract/Description: The chapter starts with an overview of satellite oceanography, its role and use for operational oceanography. Main principles of satellite oceanography techniques are summarized. We then describe key techniques of radar altimetry, sea surface temperature, and ocean colour remote sensing. This includes measurement principles, data processing issues, and the use of data for operational oceanography. Synthetic aperture radar, scatterometry, sea ice and sea surface salinity measurements are also...
Show moreThe chapter starts with an overview of satellite oceanography, its role and use for operational oceanography. Main principles of satellite oceanography techniques are summarized. We then describe key techniques of radar altimetry, sea surface temperature, and ocean colour remote sensing. This includes measurement principles, data processing issues, and the use of data for operational oceanography. Synthetic aperture radar, scatterometry, sea ice and sea surface salinity measurements are also briefly described. Techniques used to assess the impact of present and future satellite observations for ocean analysis and forecasting are reviewed. We also discuss future requirements for satellite observations. Main prospects are given in the conclusion.
Show less
Date Issued: 2018-08-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1536169269_4c2815f9, 10.17125/gov2018.ch07
Format: Citation

Title: Biogeochemical In Situ Observations – Motivation, Status, and New Frontiers.
Creator: Telszewski, Maciej, Palacz, Artur, Fischer, Albert
Abstract/Description: We begin this chapter on in situ biogeochemical observations by presenting the three major areas of societal benefit related to ocean observations: climate, operational ocean services, and ocean health. Biogeochemistry constitutes a varying proportion of each of these areas, while climate and ocean health benefit more from sustained flow of accurate information than operational ocean services. Once the societal drivers are presented, we focus on identifying the relevant phenomena that need...
Show moreWe begin this chapter on in situ biogeochemical observations by presenting the three major areas of societal benefit related to ocean observations: climate, operational ocean services, and ocean health. Biogeochemistry constitutes a varying proportion of each of these areas, while climate and ocean health benefit more from sustained flow of accurate information than operational ocean services. Once the societal drivers are presented, we focus on identifying the relevant phenomena that need quantifying. These phenomena are closely related to the scientific dimension, which helps to establish specific observing targets and observing system design. Scales, seasonality, and geographic limitations are briefly discussed. Consideration is also given to the fact that often a given biogeochemical phenomenon is primarily driven by physical processes (e.g., ventilation, air-sea fluxes) or biological and ecosystem mechanisms (e.g., organic matter cycling, eutrophication) and, therefore, parameters across all three disciplines ought to be measured. Next, we provide an overview of the current capabilities of the global ocean observing system (GOOS) for biogeochemistry. The capacity is considered as an ability (or lack thereof – a gap in capacity) to address the requirements stated in the earlier part of the chapter. A holistic approach to thinking about platforms and sensors is presented. In the following section, the data quality requirements and efforts, as well as data management practices are briefly explained. There has been a strong, long-standing effort among the carbon and biogeochemical observationalists to make biogeochemistry data not only freely available, but also quality-controlled and inter-comparable. These grassroots efforts eventually led to the successful creation of two information products: SOCAT and GLODAP, which are predominantly carbon-focused and represent almost exclusively ship-based, benchtop instrument-based observations. We also discuss an urgent need to expand biogeochemical data availability, quality control, and inter-comparability beyond carbon parameters and onto a wider suite of available platforms and observing techniques (sensors). Finally, to the extent possible, a perspective on existing and planned prototype technology is provided.
Show less
Date Issued: 2018-08-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1536169049_744c3715, 10.17125/gov2018.ch06
Format: Citation

Title: Multi‐Platform Observations and Numerical Simulations to Understand Meso and Submesoscale Processes: A Case Study of Vertical Velocities in the Western Mediterranean.
Creator: Ruiz, Simon, Mahadevan, Amala, Pascual, Ananda, Claret, Mariona, Tintore, Joaquin, Mason, Evan
Abstract/Description: In this chapter we provide a description of an intense ocean front and an anomalous anticyclonic eddy in the Western Mediterranean. We use observations from two multi-platform experiments carried out in the eastern Alboran Sea and in the northern Balearic Islands. We diagnose mesoscale vertical motion ( 1-10m/day) associated with these ocean structures using quasi-geostrophic dynamics. A unique characteristic of both field experiments is the combination of conventional in situ measurements...
Show moreIn this chapter we provide a description of an intense ocean front and an anomalous anticyclonic eddy in the Western Mediterranean. We use observations from two multi-platform experiments carried out in the eastern Alboran Sea and in the northern Balearic Islands. We diagnose mesoscale vertical motion ( 1-10m/day) associated with these ocean structures using quasi-geostrophic dynamics. A unique characteristic of both field experiments is the combination of conventional in situ measurements from ships with high-resolution observations using autonomous underwater vehicles (gliders). For the eastern Alboran Sea, we also use a high-resolution numerical model that is initialized with hydrographic data (0.5-1 km resolution) from gliders. Numerical simulations show that lateral buoyancy gradients are large enough to trigger submesoscale mixed layer instabilities. Results from the model illustrate that a mixed layer tracer subducts to form vertical intrusions extending to depths of 80-90 m, which is in agreement with remarkable subduction events of chlorophyll and oxygen captured by ocean gliders.
Show less
Date Issued: 2018-08-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1536168670_ff85647f, 10.17125/gov2018.ch05
Format: Citation

Title: Notions for the Motions of the Oceans.
Creator: Fox-Kemper, Baylor
Abstract/Description: Operational oceanography combines models and observations to assess and predict the ocean state. While the mechanisms of forcing and equations of fluid motion for the ocean are known, present computers cannot solve all of the relevant scales of motion at the same time. Thus, choices of scales to emphasize must be made in operational systems. This chapter explores some of the issues in choosing a scale, including evaluating approximations to the equations of motion, typical kinds of...
Show moreOperational oceanography combines models and observations to assess and predict the ocean state. While the mechanisms of forcing and equations of fluid motion for the ocean are known, present computers cannot solve all of the relevant scales of motion at the same time. Thus, choices of scales to emphasize must be made in operational systems. This chapter explores some of the issues in choosing a scale, including evaluating approximations to the equations of motion, typical kinds of variability at different scales, and parameterizations of unresolved processes.
Show less
Date Issued: 2018-08-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1536167323_6ef1328f, 10.17125/gov2018.ch02
Format: Citation

Title: An Overview of Operational Oceanography.
Creator: Schiller, Andreas, Mourre, Baptiste, Drillet, Yann, Brassington, Gary
Abstract/Description: Operational oceanography is like weather forecasting for the ocean, it provides estimates of ocean variables (temperature, currents, surface height, etc.) for the past, present, and future. There is a systematic focus on sustained operational ocean observing systems, estimates of the current state, short-range predictions and ocean reanalyses. Operational oceanography systems provide routine and fully supported production and delivery of oceanographic information at pre-determined and agreed...
Show moreOperational oceanography is like weather forecasting for the ocean, it provides estimates of ocean variables (temperature, currents, surface height, etc.) for the past, present, and future. There is a systematic focus on sustained operational ocean observing systems, estimates of the current state, short-range predictions and ocean reanalyses. Operational oceanography systems provide routine and fully supported production and delivery of oceanographic information at pre-determined and agreed upon service levels. Nowadays, many operational oceanography systems cover global-to-coastal marine environments, and physical and biogeochemical properties, with active research underway to eventually include ecosystems. Operational oceanography involves and benefits marine industries, service providers, government agencies, and research and development (R&D) providers.
Show less
Date Issued: 2018-08-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1536167036_1f997a28, 10.17125/gov2018.ch01
Format: Citation

Title: Preface.
Creator: Chassignet, Eric P., Pascual, Ananda, Tintore, Joaquin, Verron, Jacques
Abstract/Description: This book is a compilation of the lectures presented at the school and presents a summary of the current state-of-the-art in operational oceanography research.
Date Issued: 2018-08-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1536166568_a9f9d162, 10.17125/gov2018.ch00
Format: Citation

Title: A Coastal Ocean Forecast System for the U.S. Mid‐Atlantic Bight and Gulf of Maine.
Creator: Wilkin, John, Levin, Julia, Lopez, Alexander, Hunter, Elias, Zavala-Garay, Javier, Arango, Hernan
Abstract/Description: Coastal ocean models that downscale global operational models are widely used to study regional circulation at enhanced resolutions. When operated as nowcast/forecast systems, these models offer predictions that can provide actionable guidance for maritime applications. A nowcast/forecast system for the northeast U.S. coastal ocean is described in this chapter to illustrate, by example, the many practical issues to be considered when configuring such a model for operational oceanography...
Show moreCoastal ocean models that downscale global operational models are widely used to study regional circulation at enhanced resolutions. When operated as nowcast/forecast systems, these models offer predictions that can provide actionable guidance for maritime applications. A nowcast/forecast system for the northeast U.S. coastal ocean is described in this chapter to illustrate, by example, the many practical issues to be considered when configuring such a model for operational oceanography applications. The system uses the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) and four-dimensional variational data assimilation of observations from a comprehensive network of in situ platforms, coastal radars, and satellites. The emergence of open access web data services that adhere to community conventions for metadata descriptions for coordinate systems and geo-scientific data types, and support geospatial search and sub-setting, are shown to foster inter-operability of data and model usage, accelerate the test, validate and acceptance cycle for modeling system enhancements, streamline the addition of new data streams, facilitate operational monitoring of the system, and enable novice users to view and download model outputs to underpin the generation of higher level ocean information products.
Show less
Date Issued: 2018-08-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1536245709_fa0db767, 10.17125/gov2018.ch21
Format: Citation

Title: Operational Oceanography and the Management of Marine Living Resources: The Mediterranean Sea as a Case Study.
Creator: Reglero, Patricia, Alvarez-Berastegui, Diego, Alemany, Francisco Javier, Rossi, Vincent, Torres, Asvin P., Balbin, Rosa, Hidalgo, Manuel
Abstract/Description: This chapter provides examples demonstrating the relevance of integrating operational oceanography data from ocean observing systems and ecological and fisheries assessment models to improve the management of marine living resources. Commercial fisheries exploit coastal, demersal, and pelagic marine resources. Many marine organisms merge in the water column and most of them occupy the pelagic habitat as planktonic organisms (egg and larval stages), during which time they are subjected to the...
Show moreThis chapter provides examples demonstrating the relevance of integrating operational oceanography data from ocean observing systems and ecological and fisheries assessment models to improve the management of marine living resources. Commercial fisheries exploit coastal, demersal, and pelagic marine resources. Many marine organisms merge in the water column and most of them occupy the pelagic habitat as planktonic organisms (egg and larval stages), during which time they are subjected to the highest mortalities of their life cycle as they are transported by oceanic currents. Hence, it is important to determine how environmental processes control survival rates and dispersal patterns of the early life stages of the species. We offer a general view of a multidisciplinary research field that aims at the protection and exploitation/management of marine living resources by documenting some current strategies and recent advances in the Mediterranean Sea. We include a short introduction of the current strategies for the protection and exploitation of living resources and the recent advances of the field and present four practical examples, which show how the integration of operational oceanography into the management of living resources has improved our knowledge of: 1) the spatial distribution of adult fish, 2) the connection among management areas, 3) the redefinition of management areas, and 4) the use of marine protected areas for the conservation of coastal ecosystems.
Show less
Date Issued: 2018-08-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1536248798_d58a0939, 10.17125/gov2018.ch26
Format: Citation

book part (28)	+ -
text (28)	+ -

Drevillon, Marie (3)	+ -
Drillet, Yann (3)	+ -
Pascual, Ananda (3)	+ -
Tintore, Joaquin (3)	+ -
Benkiran, Mounir (2)	+ -

Chassignet, Eric P. (2)	+ -
Hernandez, Fabrice (2)	+ -
Le Traon, Pierre-Yves (2)	+ -
Lellouche, Jean-Michel (2)	+ -
Mason, Evan (2)	+ -
Melet, Angelique (2)	+ -
Mourre, Baptiste (2)	+ -
Ngodock, Hans E. (2)	+ -
Regnier, Charly (2)	+ -
Ruiz, Simon (2)	+ -
Souopgui, Innocent (2)	+ -
Wallcraft, Alan J. (2)	+ -
Aguiar, Eva (1)	+ -
Ait-El-Fquih, Boujemaa (1)	+ -
Alemany, Francisco Javier (1)	+ -
Alford, Matthew H. (1)	+ -
Alvarez-Berastegui, Diego (1)	+ -
Ansong, Joseph K. (1)	+ -
Arango, Hernan (1)	+ -
Arbic, Brian K. (1)	+ -
Ardhuin, Fabrice (1)	+ -
Baetens, Katrijn (1)	+ -
Bahurel, Pierre (1)	+ -
Balbin, Rosa (1)	+ -
Barron, Charlie N. (1)	+ -

Search In

Sort Results By:

Narrow results by:

Collection

Genre

Type of Resource

Language

Creator

Format

Owner