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Title: ‘Unprecedented’: A Study of the National Football League’s Regulation of Labor Through Punishment.
Creator: Lovich, Justin M., Newman, Joshua I., Chiricos, Theodore G. (Theodore George), Giardina, Michael D., Rodenberg, Ryan M., Florida State University, College of Education,...
Show moreLovich, Justin M., Newman, Joshua I., Chiricos, Theodore G. (Theodore George), Giardina, Michael D., Rodenberg, Ryan M., Florida State University, College of Education, Department of Sport Management
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Abstract/Description: The contemporary National Football League (NFL) now sits atop the zenith of American sport business, with unmatched economic growth and popularity. Its success can be measured in terms of revenues, in high television ratings, and in live attendance for its games each week. This dissertation looks into the extent to which the NFL's success--in maintaining a marketable brand image and spectacular corporeal commodity form--is attributable to its distinctive three-pronged system of player...
Show moreThe contemporary National Football League (NFL) now sits atop the zenith of American sport business, with unmatched economic growth and popularity. Its success can be measured in terms of revenues, in high television ratings, and in live attendance for its games each week. This dissertation looks into the extent to which the NFL's success--in maintaining a marketable brand image and spectacular corporeal commodity form--is attributable to its distinctive three-pronged system of player governance and punishment: mechanisms for the adjudication of off-field player behavior; mechanisms for the adjudication of on-field player behavior; and mechanisms for the adjudication of player use of proscribed substances. This study will incorporate juridical policy analysis to understand the mechanisms through which such punishment is enacted and enforced, and Foucauldian discourse analysis to disciplinary power imbedded within, and activated by, popular governance rhetoric. It is concluded herein that the NFL's success is attributed to a paradox of liberal economic governance--cartel-structured laissez-faire economic relations--and authoritarian governance of labor activity (on and off the field).
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Date Issued: 2014
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-9211
Format: Thesis

Title: An Alternate Conceptualization of the Theory of Planned Behavior in the Context of Sport Participation.
Creator: Naylor, Michael E. (Michael Eric), James, Jeffery, Eklund, Robert, Mondello, Michael, Kim, Y. K., Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: There have been calls for sport management scholars to work towards an enhanced understanding of how sport can promote social good (Chalip, 2006; Zeigler, 2007). One way to accomplish this is to examine the benefits of sport participation available to both individuals and society as a whole. Developing an understanding of the benefits of sport participation is of clear interest to practitioners, scholars and governments (Nicholson, Hoye & Houlihan, 2011). It is argued here that examining the...
Show moreThere have been calls for sport management scholars to work towards an enhanced understanding of how sport can promote social good (Chalip, 2006; Zeigler, 2007). One way to accomplish this is to examine the benefits of sport participation available to both individuals and society as a whole. Developing an understanding of the benefits of sport participation is of clear interest to practitioners, scholars and governments (Nicholson, Hoye & Houlihan, 2011). It is argued here that examining the way in which benefits of participant-based sport are perceived ought to be a focus of sport scholars. An instrument designed to measure the importance that both sport participants and non-sport participants place on the physical, sociological and psychological benefits that are potentially attainable through sport participation is therefore incorporated in the research. The instrument measures a multi-dimensional construct which is conceptualized as an instrumental attitude and fit into a larger sport participation behavioral model. The importance of the construct is based on the rationale that attitudes about the potential benefits of sports should affect the future probability of engaging in sporting activity (Shoham & Rose, 2000). The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) serves as the conceptual framework for this investigation. The research also includes multi-dimensional motivational profiles developed in line with self-determination theory. The research topic is significant because North American citizens are increasingly inactive (Jones, Sinclair, Rhodes & Courneya, 2004), and marketing efforts related to sport participation have not generally been successful (Graham & Graham, 2008). The research is consistent with a social marketing perspective because of its focus on benefits to individuals and society. The objective of this research is to contribute to an enhanced understanding of the underlying psychological processes associated with sport participation. Results of the study provide evidence supporting the reconceptualized instrumental attitude construct and selected paths within a TPB framework. Managerial implications and ideas for future research are provided in the concluding chapter of this document.
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Date Issued: 2011
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-5063
Format: Thesis

Title: An Analysis of Goal Achievement Orientation and Sport Morality Levels of Division I-A Non-Revenue Collegiate Athletes.
Creator: Lata, John, Mondello, Michael, Beckham, Joseph, Imwold, Charles, Kent, Aubrey, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The intent of this study was to investigate the goal orientations of non-revenue producing team student-athletes and the potential correlation to sport morality levels. Student-athletes (SA's) (male n=114, female n=118) from a southeastern university, from non-revenue teams, in both semi-contact and non-contact areas, were compared and contrasted by the use of the Task and Ego Orientation Sport Questionaire (TEOSQ) and the Hahm-Beller Values Choices Inventory (HBVCI). The data were analyzed...
Show moreThe intent of this study was to investigate the goal orientations of non-revenue producing team student-athletes and the potential correlation to sport morality levels. Student-athletes (SA's) (male n=114, female n=118) from a southeastern university, from non-revenue teams, in both semi-contact and non-contact areas, were compared and contrasted by the use of the Task and Ego Orientation Sport Questionaire (TEOSQ) and the Hahm-Beller Values Choices Inventory (HBVCI). The data were analyzed through the use of parametric statistics, specifically utilizing MANOVA and Pearson Correlation analyses. This study was an attempt to determine whether there were any sports in which sportsmanship levels or goal orientations were significantly different than in other sports. It was determined that soccer SA's exhibited significantly lower ego orientation than either golf or baseball SA's (p Another finding was that SA's in this study showed a negative correlation between ego orientation and sport morality levels as had been found in previous studies. As predicted, females exhibited a significantly higher sport morality level (p This study was intended to assist athletic administrators and coaches in determining the current state of sport morality and goal orientation levels in collegiate SA's and to inspire thoughts on whether this is a teachable area. It is hoped this research will add to the body of knowledge in this field and lay a groundwork for future study.
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Date Issued: 2006
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3264
Format: Thesis

Title: An Analysis of Risk Management at NCAA Division I-A Football Stadiums.
Creator: Lhotsky, Gary J., Jackson, E. Newton, Kent, Aubrey, Bower, Beverly, Imwold, Charles, Morris, Charles A., Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of the current study was to report the current risk management practices of NCAA Division I-A football stadiums in relation to Ammon's (2001) D.I.M. Process. Along with this exploratory and descriptive investigation of Division I-A stadiums, relationships among risk management practices and selected stadium demographic data were examined. Relationships were determined using chi-square analysis. The questionnaire consisted of nine sections with a total of 95 items. The nine...
Show moreThe purpose of the current study was to report the current risk management practices of NCAA Division I-A football stadiums in relation to Ammon's (2001) D.I.M. Process. Along with this exploratory and descriptive investigation of Division I-A stadiums, relationships among risk management practices and selected stadium demographic data were examined. Relationships were determined using chi-square analysis. The questionnaire consisted of nine sections with a total of 95 items. The nine sections were risk management, legal aspects, alcohol policies, crowd management procedures, emergency and medical plan, parking and traffic control, demographics of the university's home football stadium, demographics of the stadium manager, and personal information. All items related to the football operations of the subject's football stadium. The questionnaire was administered via the Internet and the questionnaire hyperlink was e-mailed to the stadium managers of all 117 NCAA Division I-A member football stadiums. Seventy stadium managers returned the completed questionnaire for a 60% response rate. All of the questionnaires were usable. Overall, stadiums that hosted NCAA Division I-A football games in 2004 are following the risk management procedures that are recommended in the literature. Undoubtedly, a major influence on this is the attention that risk management received after the terrorist attacks on United States soil on September 11, 2001. However, many risk management practices are in place, not necessarily to guard against terrorist attacks but for the general safety of patrons from everyday accidents and incidents. The research found that it is very difficult to stereotype stadiums based on demographic features of the stadium. The findings did show that stadium capacity had the most relationships with risk management practices. More sound risk management practices were performed by larger stadiums than smaller stadiums. Finally, the most notable finding of the research in regards to the stadium manager demographics is the lack of diversity among persons responsible for operating collegiate football stadiums. Stadium managers are mostly Caucasian males. Another interesting finding was the degrees that stadium managers held. Younger stadium managers were more likely to have a degree in sport management.
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Date Issued: 2006
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3082
Format: Thesis

Title: Analysis of Risk Management Practices and Litigation Status in Aquatic Centers.
Creator: Hsiao, Richard, Clement, Annie, Panton, Lynn, Kent, Aubrey, Reynaud, B. Cecile, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Water-related events are the most popular all year around activities in Taiwan. Aquatic facilities deliver value to users and the community when they are well planned and designed, and meet the public's expectations for health and safety. Approximately two people die from drowning or swimming-related accidents every day; the average age range of victims is between 15 to 24 years. An average of 961 people has died in accidental drownings each year over the past ten years in Taiwan. The...
Show moreWater-related events are the most popular all year around activities in Taiwan. Aquatic facilities deliver value to users and the community when they are well planned and designed, and meet the public's expectations for health and safety. Approximately two people die from drowning or swimming-related accidents every day; the average age range of victims is between 15 to 24 years. An average of 961 people has died in accidental drownings each year over the past ten years in Taiwan. The Taiwanese accident rate of drowning increased by 11% between the years 1999 and 2000. Because of the high rate of accidents in water-related activities, the focus of this research was to investigate the management status of aquatic centers (schools, YMCAs, public/private communities, fitness centers, hotels, theme parks); the risk management practices employed by these institutions; and associated legal concerns. The purpose of this study was to establish the management status of aquatic centers, the risk management practices employed by organizations, and the associated legal concerns in Taiwan. The significance of this study was to provide first-hand information about risk management in general aquatic center settings in Taiwan. This study provided an in-depth understanding of risk management implementation, the relationship of demographic elements, risk management practices and considerations of aquatic directors at swimming/aquatic facilities in Taiwan. The results drew a prospective picture, revealed a lack of risk management practices in aquatic centers in Taiwan and provided a clear direction for future study. This study used a self-developed survey questionnaire and tried to get a better understanding of the risk management practices among aquatic directors in Taiwan. The findings of this study represent 937 aquatic directors at swimming facilities across Taiwan. There were no attempts to reach inferences or generalize the findings. It would be a worthwhile study to track all settled cases related to accidents/incidents and to compare the case facts with demographic elements related to risk management practices in Taiwan. Results of the study suggest that Taiwan's aquatic directors should have a fundamental concept and knowledge of risk management and sports law in order to provide safer and better aquatic environments for all participants.
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Date Issued: 2005
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3702
Format: Thesis

Title: Assessing Sport Brand Equity Through Use of the Contingent Valuation Method.
Creator: Lee, Jiesun Lucy, James, Jeffrey D., Schwartz, Robert A., Kim, Yu Kyoum, Wells, Janelle E., Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The concept of brand equity has been widely recognized as both an academic construct and an important business consideration (Aaker, 1991; 1996; Farquhar, 1989; Kamakura & Russell, 1993; Keller, 1993; Gladden et al., 1998; Ross, 2006). The concept has been defined as the added value associated with a particular product that is accrued by a brand beyond the utilitarian or functional value of the product (Ambler, 2003; Simon & Sullivan, 1993; Keller, 1993). Despite general agreement about the...
Show moreThe concept of brand equity has been widely recognized as both an academic construct and an important business consideration (Aaker, 1991; 1996; Farquhar, 1989; Kamakura & Russell, 1993; Keller, 1993; Gladden et al., 1998; Ross, 2006). The concept has been defined as the added value associated with a particular product that is accrued by a brand beyond the utilitarian or functional value of the product (Ambler, 2003; Simon & Sullivan, 1993; Keller, 1993). Despite general agreement about the definition of brand equity, the measurement of it is not well established (Christodoulides & de Chernatony, 2010; Keller & Lehmann, 2006). A critical challenge in this regard is developing the means necessary to assess the intangible elements that comprise a consumer's determination of brand equity. By using the CVM--a stated preference technique for estimating and assigning non-pecuniary values that are contingent on a specific hypothetical scenario or description of the products-- to measure an individual's willingness to pay for tangible and intangible elements from sports products, the brand equity of both spectator sports and participant sports can be estimated. A primary goal of the current study was to examine the willingness to pay Price Premiums for a sporting event, and estimate the brand equity of the sport product based on the Price Premiums by utilizing the CVM. Three research questions were examined: (1) Whether there is a difference between customers' willingness to pay for a branded event (i.e., IRONMAN triathlon event) compared to corresponding unbranded events (i.e., hypothetical non-IRONMAN triathlon event), (2) What the customer-based brand equity of a branded sporting event is, and (3) What factors significantly influence the Price Premium of a sporting event. To examine the equity of the IRONMAN brand and a consumer's determination of brand equity, data were collected at two triathlon events. The sample size was 349 combining responses from the Half and Full distance events. I asked two sets of questions for a consumer's willingness to pay a Price Premium: one for the branded sporting event (i.e., IRONMAN triathlon event) and the other for the unbranded hypothetical sporting event (i.e., non-IRONMAN triathlon event). The difference between a branded and an unbranded sporting event represents a Price Premium. I concluded from the results of an analysis of variance assessment indicated there was a statistically significant difference in willingness to pay for IRONMAN branded events compared to non-IRONMAN branded events. That is, triathletes were willing to pay additional Price Premiums for IRONMAN branded events. The aggregated Price Premiums for the target population were calculated to estimate the brand equity values based on the sport consumer perceptions. The equity of brand IRONMAN was approximately $102 million (Half distance) and $123 million (Full distance). To identify determinants that influence sport consumers' willingness to pay for one brand over the other, I proposed three potential regression models and tested them with through multiple regression analysis. Among ten Price Premium Determinants, Price-quality Inference, Brand Uniqueness, and Gender significantly influenced an individual consumer's willingness to pay a Price Premium. As the brand stands out, consumers were willing to pay a higher Price Premium. Also, as the degree that consumers believe an association between price and quality increases, their willingness to pay a Price Premium increases. Males tend to pay a higher Price Premium than Females. A significant contribution of the study is that this is a first attempt to estimate customer-based brand equity with the CVM, and an initial attempt to identify Price Premium determinants in the service-oriented product context. The dollar value of actual brand equity that is based on consumers' perceptions and evaluations may provide marketers and practitioners with several benefits such as a selling point for developing relationships with business partners, a starting point for business negotiations, and for leveraging partnerships (e.g., sponsors, media).
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Date Issued: 2014
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-9024
Format: Thesis

Title: An Assessment of Social and Academic Integration Among Track and Field Student-Athletes of the Atlantic Coast Conference.
Creator: Lyons, Aundrea L., Quarterman, Jerome, Gayles, Joy Gaston, Losh, Susan, Mondello, Michael, Reynaud, B. Cecile, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Investigations on retention and graduation often focus on the overall issue of student persistence. Research has identified two variables that consistently predict persistence: the student's ability to integrate academically and socially, and the student's commitment to degree attainment. There has not been an abundance of supporting research on the subject dealing solely with student-athlete's integration and institutional and degree commitment. Therefore, there were two major purposes of...
Show moreInvestigations on retention and graduation often focus on the overall issue of student persistence. Research has identified two variables that consistently predict persistence: the student's ability to integrate academically and socially, and the student's commitment to degree attainment. There has not been an abundance of supporting research on the subject dealing solely with student-athlete's integration and institutional and degree commitment. Therefore, there were two major purposes of this research. The first purpose was to examine the social and academic integration experiences of track and field student-athletes. The second purpose was to determine whether social and academic integration experiences will influence student-athlete's institutional and goal commitment to member institutions of the National Collegiate Athletic Association Atlantic Coast Conference. A survey instrument developed by Pascarella and Terenzini (1980), originally designed to measure the integration and institutional and goal commitment constructs of Tinto's model of student departure, was administered to track and field student-athletes enrolled in member institutions of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC). Three-way Analysis of variance tests revealed significant mean differences in social integration and academic integration when measured by race. However, no significant mean differences emerged in social integration and academic integration experiences when measured by gender and classification. Additionally, no significant differences emerged in institutional and goal commitment when measured by gender, race, and classification. Finally, hierarchical multiple regression revealed social integration and academic integration significantly influenced institutional and goal commitment when controlling for background characteristics. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that persistence efforts are applicable to student-athletes. Although student-athletes have a unique academic structure and face the intense athletic demands of competing at a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division IA level, it is important to foster social and academic integration experiences. Moreover, the benefits of positive student-athlete integration experiences will result in a positive interaction between institutional and goal commitment among student-athletes.
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Date Issued: 2007
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0967
Format: Thesis

Title: Before the Revolution: The Experiences of Individual Women Involved in Intercollegiate Athletics: 1950-1972.
Creator: Farchmin, Eileen L., Clement, Annie, Bower, Beverly, Imwold, Chuck, Reynaud, Cecile, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: A revolution started in women's athletics with the passage of Title IX of the Education Amendment Act of 1972. The Act required all educational programs and activities to be treated on an equal basis. Now women's athletic programs had to receive the same services and benefits available to men's programs. The growth in the number of opportunities, participation level, and effects has been the subject of a great deal of research and literature since 1972. But what is the story of women's...
Show moreA revolution started in women's athletics with the passage of Title IX of the Education Amendment Act of 1972. The Act required all educational programs and activities to be treated on an equal basis. Now women's athletic programs had to receive the same services and benefits available to men's programs. The growth in the number of opportunities, participation level, and effects has been the subject of a great deal of research and literature since 1972. But what is the story of women's intercollegiate athletics before this revolution? In order to find this story, a phenomenological in-depth study was conducted. Five women were selected by a panel of experts in the field of women's sports and were interviewed about their experiences in intercollegiate athletics, as athletes and as professional physical education teachers, coaches, and administrators. As athletes, there were few opportunities available to them. Many of them mentioned participating in sport days or play days and three of them had extensive involvement in industrial leagues outside of the school system. As physical education teachers, all of them started intramural programs which later evolved into intercollegiate competition. They transported their athletes to games in their own vehicles, the girls bought T-shirts or played in physical education tunics. The teams were under the supervision of the women's physical education department and any funding they received came from student government organizations. For all of the women, their athletes were truly students first and athletes second. Games were played on the weekend to avoid conflict with academics. The highlight for the women involved in the study was the love of the game by their athletes. The young women were willing to do anything to play, practice whenever they could get a facility, play in inadequate facilities, and furnish their own money for uniforms and travel. Their love of the game showed in the growth of women's athletics at every school at which these women were involved. These women and others like them started a growth and desire for intercollegiate competition that led to the revolution created by Title IX.
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Date Issued: 2003
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4503
Format: Thesis

Title: The Benefits Felt by Division I-A Student-Athletes from Participation in Community Service Activities: A Case Study.
Creator: McHugo, Megan Patricia, James, Jeffrey, Kent, Aubrey, Mondello, Michael, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The foundations laid by democracy engrained in society a responsibility to help fellow citizens. As observed by De Tocqueville in 1831, "by dint of working for one's fellow citizens, the habit and taste for serving them is at length acquired." Community service has been studied from many perspectives throughout time, but the unique situation of an athlete engaging in community service, has received little attention. From extrapolation of literature in psychology and marketing, the instance of...
Show moreThe foundations laid by democracy engrained in society a responsibility to help fellow citizens. As observed by De Tocqueville in 1831, "by dint of working for one's fellow citizens, the habit and taste for serving them is at length acquired." Community service has been studied from many perspectives throughout time, but the unique situation of an athlete engaging in community service, has received little attention. From extrapolation of literature in psychology and marketing, the instance of an athlete performing community service has the potential to create a triad of benefits. Research suggests benefits can be experienced by the athletes themselves, the community in which they are serving, and the institution, or organization the athletes represent. The current research sought to examine three particular benefits (social responsibility, attitude toward oneself, and future intentions to volunteer) which might be experienced by the athletes themselves, and the particular circumstances under which the benefits may be experienced. Eight student-athletes from a large Division I-A institution were interviewed, some of whom had participated in social cause community service, and some of whom had participated in standard community service. The student-athletes who participated in social cause community service reported feelings of civic duty and social responsibility, and had formulated plans for future service beyond college. The student-athletes who participated in standard community service reported feelings of obligation toward service, and did not have clear plans for continued service upon graduation. Both groups felt positive about their experiences, and attributed positive feelings toward their own abilities after participating. The current case study suggests student-athletes feel these benefits to a larger degree if the community service is social cause oriented rather than promotional in nature. Future research could study this notion further, and examine the other sides of the benefits triad.
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Date Issued: 2005
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-2546
Format: Thesis

Title: Best of N Contests: Implications of Simpson's Paradox in Tennis.
Creator: Wright, Benjamin, Rodenberg, Ryan, Kim, Yu Kyoum, Mondello, Michael, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Statistical theories have long been the impetus for research within studies of sport. This is likely due to the abundance of data in sport. This thesis introduces a statistical theory known as Simpson's Paradox wherein an apparent correlation of variables is reversed when the variables are combined. Simpson's Paradox has been the focus of studies involving sports such as basketball and baseball due to the strong presence of statistics in each respective sport. Building on the previous...
Show moreStatistical theories have long been the impetus for research within studies of sport. This is likely due to the abundance of data in sport. This thesis introduces a statistical theory known as Simpson's Paradox wherein an apparent correlation of variables is reversed when the variables are combined. Simpson's Paradox has been the focus of studies involving sports such as basketball and baseball due to the strong presence of statistics in each respective sport. Building on the previous research, this thesis examines the prevalence of Simpson's Paradox in professional tennis. Overtly, this thesis attempts to identify tennis matches from specified tournaments where cases of Simpson's Paradox are present. A match is considered an instance of Simpson's Paradox when a player wins more points than his opponent but loses the overall match. Data from sanctioned tennis tournaments over the course of 21 years will be used to investigate cases of Simpson's Paradox on the point level. Finding instances of Simpson's Paradox within the data set may provide insight to incentives and strategy in tennis. Specifically, a player may exert less effort in select situations such as returning serve if he believes he will have a better chance of winning the overall set or match. Analyzing a data set of over 55,000 individual tennis matches, I find that roughly 5% of matches exhibit Simpson's Paradox. The results provide an opportunity for gambling related activity to profit from the unique scoring system utilized in tennis. Governing bodies need to be aware of betting-related corruption that has become increasingly popular in sports in order to protect and maintain the integrity of tennis. While (sub)-conscious incentive effects may explain instances of Simpson's Paradox, the unique best of N nature of tennis' scoring system primarily drives my results.
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Date Issued: 2012
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-5279
Format: Thesis

Title: Body Image and Self-Esteem: A Study of Relationships and Comparisons Between More and Less Physically Active College Women.
Creator: Strickland, Angie, Imwold, Charles H., Milton, Sande, Lynn, Susan, Walsdorf, Kristie, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to compare more and less physically active college females related to a number of factors in body image and self-esteem. The specific areas investigated were: body image, self-esteem, and exercise levels for college females. This study investigated how body image and self-esteem were affected as a result of college females exercising more or less in physical activity. Specifically, college women ages eighteen to twenty-five were the focus of the subjects who...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to compare more and less physically active college females related to a number of factors in body image and self-esteem. The specific areas investigated were: body image, self-esteem, and exercise levels for college females. This study investigated how body image and self-esteem were affected as a result of college females exercising more or less in physical activity. Specifically, college women ages eighteen to twenty-five were the focus of the subjects who participated in this study. Two groups were formed and compared: The college females who were more physically active and the college females who were less physically active. All subjects were surveyed on body image items and self-esteem items. The Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ)( Cash, 2000) was used to assess self-attitudinal aspects of body image and the Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965) was used to assess self-esteem. The college females were surveyed in two main locations: females who were enrolled in a activity class under the Lifetime Activities Program and females who were attending classes in the Department of Early Childhood and Elementary Education. The females were then divided into two groups based on more and less physical activity. The more and less were calculated by days per week and minutes per day. The statistics used for analyzing the survey responses as well as the results of the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire and The Self-Esteem Scale included t-tests, descriptive statistics, correlations, and multiple regression analyses. All statistics were calculated using SPSS for Windows. Results of this study showed significance when an independent t test was used to compare Exercise Level and Self- Esteem. The results also showed a positive correlation between Exercise Level and Fitness Self-Evaluation, Fitness Orientation, Health Self-Evaluation, Health Orientation, and a negative correlation between Exercise Level and Self-Esteem.
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-1540
Format: Thesis

Title: A Causal Model Depicting the Influence of Selected Task and Employee Variables on Organizational Citizenship Behavior.
Creator: Todd, Samuel Y., Kent, Aubrey, Perrewé, Pamela, Mondello, Michael, Quarterman, Jerome, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this research was to investigate how a selection of task variables and positive mood state would impact an overall latent interpretation of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Additionally, this study was designed to explore a previously untapped population in sport management research by sampling employees from a company involved in the manufacture of outdoor recreation products (n = 374). The organization was based in the United States and recorded nearly $100 million...
Show moreThe purpose of this research was to investigate how a selection of task variables and positive mood state would impact an overall latent interpretation of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Additionally, this study was designed to explore a previously untapped population in sport management research by sampling employees from a company involved in the manufacture of outdoor recreation products (n = 374). The organization was based in the United States and recorded nearly $100 million in sales for the year 2002. The survey data were gathered through group meetings during personal visits to each of three company locations. All levels of employees completed the questionnaires. An exploratory structural equation model outlining the relationships among a selection of task variables, job satisfaction, positive mood state, job self-efficacy, and organizational citizenship behavior was developed and empirically tested for its legitimacy and validity. The model proposed that the four exogenous task variables of task significance, task routinization, intrinsically satisfying tasks, and task autonomy would predict job satisfaction; while , positive mood state, and job self-efficacy would predict. The results suggested that task autonomy and intrinsically satisfying tasks predicted job satisfaction, while job satisfaction and job self-efficacy predicted OCB. Positive mood state was not determined to influence OCB in the current sample. The findings are discussed in the context of contributions to the field of sport management and organizational behavior in general. Future research suggestions are forwarded.
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Date Issued: 2003
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-1291
Format: Thesis

Title: The Circuit of Legacy Discourse: Mega-Events, Political Economy and the Beijing Olympic Games.
Creator: Pu, Haozhou, Giardina, Michael D., Proffitt, Jennifer M., Newman, Joshua I., James, Jeffrey D. (Jeffrey Dalton), Florida State University, College of Education, Department of...
Show morePu, Haozhou, Giardina, Michael D., Proffitt, Jennifer M., Newman, Joshua I., James, Jeffrey D. (Jeffrey Dalton), Florida State University, College of Education, Department of Sport Management
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Abstract/Description: The mega-event, or large-scale mass event, has held an enduring level of popular and political support in modern society since their creation in the late 19th century. In the current period of intense globalization, the importance placed on mega-events by national governments and global corporations has increased considerably—with hundreds of millions of dollars spent on both the bid process and the marketing, advertising, and branding of a given event. Mega-events also provide people with...
Show moreThe mega-event, or large-scale mass event, has held an enduring level of popular and political support in modern society since their creation in the late 19th century. In the current period of intense globalization, the importance placed on mega-events by national governments and global corporations has increased considerably—with hundreds of millions of dollars spent on both the bid process and the marketing, advertising, and branding of a given event. Mega-events also provide people with unique opportunities to participate in collective projects of urban regeneration, identity formation, and conspicuous consumption. This dissertation is situated within a focal area on the global phenomenon of sport mega-event. Here I draw from an interdisciplinary perspective to demystify the popular discourse on the even legacy and its related political economy implications associated with the two Olympic Games in Beijing. So far, legacy has been gaining wider currency vis-à-vis the hosting of mega-events, and there has been increased scholarly focus on related topics such as the governance, evaluation, and leveraging of legacy. In this dissertation, I examine legacy as both substantive element (e.g., urban renewal project & facility construction) and discursive discourse (e.g., the public pedagogy underpinning the circulation of certain ideological values and meanings). Being the first city ever to host both the Summer and Winter Olympics, the idea of fully capitalizing on the legacy of the previous 2008 Olympics for the future 2022 Winter Olympics has been repeatedly addressed by Beijing throughout the bidding and planning process thus far. A comprehensive evaluation of the legacy of the 2008 Olympics is beyond the remit of this project; however, by attending to the primary, publicly-promised legacies of the 2008 Olympics, an important context for post-2008 mega-events can be revealed. Thus, in this study, I consider numerous features of legacy discourse of the Olympic Games as sensitive indicators of shifting interests, power relations and ideologies at micro, meso, and macro levels in contemporary China. To do this, I structure my project within a modified “circuit of culture” model, which focuses on the articulations of interrelated moments of production, representation, and consumption (Hall, 1980; Johnson, 1986; du Gay et al., 1997). Such a framework thus provides a heuristic model to stress the situational particularities inscribing and deriving meanings and values in and through legacy discourse. As such, the analysis of each moment will be situated within a broader context of the post-2008 Olympics era and the correlative political economic landscape. In this project, I find legacy discourse as an evolving and dynamic concept that is both context-specific and influenced by multiple social actors. It is simultaneously ascribed with a variety of explicit or implicit political and economic interests. Grounded on qualitative analysis at the three moments of the circuit—representation, production and consumption—both commonalities and contradictions of the legacy discourse encountered and understood by different social groups (e.g., residents, government, and corporate) are identified. With regard to the popular legacy discourse of the 2022 Winter Olympics, an emerging neoliberal paradigm is further unveiled, which provides a viable arena to examine the political economy of sport mega-events in a post-2008 era and the associated interplays of market capitalism and state socialism in contemporary China, which have been in a state of transition. Based on the findings of this study, the appeal of mega-events to the state of China is not only underpinned by the pursuit of symbolic politics, it further entails a form of shock of spectacle that relies on the “dramatological” and “exceptional” features of modern mega-events to legitimate and further a broad spectrum of state agendas and policies (e.g., urban regeneration, economic growth, & environmental governance). Compared to the identity-politics-driven 2008 Summer Games, the legacy discourse surrounding the 2022 Winter Games is also found to be embodied with more complicated while explicit economic interests. And such economic interests are situated within an intimate interaction with consumerism, developmentalism, commercialism, with an emphasis on the rule of market. This marks a significant transition, as the previous nation-building function of the Olympic Games, appears to be complemented by, if not replaced by, a new market-building goal in the case of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics. This study therefore contributes to an indigenous and more comprehensive understanding of sport mega-events in China, particularly the interactions between the global capitalism and local politics as manifest in the dynamic legacy discourse.
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Date Issued: 2017
Identifier: FSU_SUMMER2017_Pu_fsu_0071E_14041
Format: Thesis

Title: Civic Paternalism in Political Policymaking: The Justification for No-Vote Stadium Subsidies and the Public Response.
Creator: Kellison, Timothy B., James, Jeffrey D., Ferris, Gerald R., Chapin, Timothy S., Kim, Yu Kyoum, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The contribution of the professional sports stadium to the American city has long been debated by team owners, elected officials, scholars, activists, fans, sportswriters, and ordinary citizens. This debate intensifies whenever the possibility of publicly funding a stadium's construction or renovation is raised. Traditionally, the question of public investment has been decided by voters via the tools of direct democracy, including the referendum and initiative. However, since 2005, 24 stadium...
Show moreThe contribution of the professional sports stadium to the American city has long been debated by team owners, elected officials, scholars, activists, fans, sportswriters, and ordinary citizens. This debate intensifies whenever the possibility of publicly funding a stadium's construction or renovation is raised. Traditionally, the question of public investment has been decided by voters via the tools of direct democracy, including the referendum and initiative. However, since 2005, 24 stadium projects have been allocated over $8.5 billion of public funds without any form of voter approval. The practice of allocating public funds toward a project without direct public consent is referred to as the no-vote subsidy. Left without the evidence of ballot results or poll numbers, policymakers can suppose the will of the people at large to match their own preferences. Civil servants and citizens alike must consider the consequences of policies that are--at least in perception and sometimes in reality--unreflective of the electorate's preferences. One of the most recent instances of the no-vote subsidy occurred in Columbus, Ohio, where county commissioners and city councilmembers approved the purchase of the city's downtown arena using tax revenues generated from a local casino. Though this subsidy was made without a public vote, Columbus residents had already set a precedent by opposing five stadium-financing issues over 35 years. In this study, I considered the impact of this financing plan from the perspectives of both policymakers and the citizenry. There were three broad purposes of this study: to understand the political rationale of public policymakers involved in this specific case of a no-vote subsidy; to identify the factors that contribute to citizens regarding a subsidy favorably or unfavorably; and to examine the public response to the no-vote subsidy. This study was carried out in two phases. In the first phase, standardized, open-ended interviews were conducted in-person with seven individuals having personal connections to the Columbus stadium-financing case. These policymakers acknowledged the possibility that their decision to purchase the arena contradicted the public will. This admission was reconciled by a belief in a form of democratic representation known as civic paternalism, in which policymakers rely on their own expertise and point to their beliefs that such policies serve the best interests of the entire community, including individual citizens, the local economy, and the city's overall image. Additionally, civically paternalistic policymakers who make such decisions are either (1) willing to accept the accompanying political fallout or (2) confident that their actions will not negatively impact their future political career. In the second phase of the study, a survey was developed to measure the attitudes of Columbus residents toward a number of individuals, groups, and institutions, including civil servants, policy benefactors, and the democratic process in general. A pilot survey of 158 central Ohio residents was used to examine the psychometric properties of the initial instrument. Upon item modification, insertion, and deletion, a 55-item survey was finalized for the principal analysis. From a pool of over 625,000 registered voters in Franklin County, 5,000 individuals were randomly selected and received a survey packet. A total of 401 usable surveys were returned and included in the principal study analysis. The results of structural model testing provided support for six of 11 hypotheses. Two additional hypotheses received partial support, two were left unsupported, and one was not examined. Both perceived arena impact and trust in civically paternalistic leadership were significant predictors of one's attitude toward the public-financing plan. In turn, this attitude toward the financing deal impacted attitudes toward the arena's primary tenant, policymakers associated with the plan, and the democratic process in general. The results of this study indicated that though ultimately immaterial in the public-financing decision, public perception of the deal was not inconsequential. Data analysis also showed that how voters felt about the stadium-financing agreement influenced their attitudes toward the arena's primary tenant, democratic decision-making, and local policymakers. In this particular case, it was also suggested a slight public majority of the public approved of the financing plan. The no-vote subsidy is an increasingly common means of public-stadium financing that has failed to capture the attention of scholars. The research questions proposed and subsequently answered were an initial attempt to consider the sociopolitical implications of the no-vote subsidy. Future efforts to study civic paternalism and the no-vote subsidy should come from many directions and rely on a variety of methodologies. Such diverse approaches are necessary if the controversies surrounding public-stadium finance and the American democracy are to be studied in earnest.
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Date Issued: 2013
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-7445
Format: Thesis

Title: A Conceptual Model of Psychological Commitment Based on the Concept of Attitude Strength.
Creator: Ha, Jae-Hyun, James, Jeffrey, Flynn, Leisa, Quarterman, Jerome, Kwon, Harry, Lee, Joohyun, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: This study is introduced with a review of Funk and James (2001), Funk, Haugtvedt, and Howard (2000), and Krosnick and Petty (1995), which provide the basis for measuring psychological commitment. It is proposed that a better understanding of the concept of attitude strength may provide insight into the antecedents and the primary evidence (resistance to change) of psychological commitment. More specifically, Funk et al. (2000) suggest that various attitudinal properties (e.g., knowledge,...
Show moreThis study is introduced with a review of Funk and James (2001), Funk, Haugtvedt, and Howard (2000), and Krosnick and Petty (1995), which provide the basis for measuring psychological commitment. It is proposed that a better understanding of the concept of attitude strength may provide insight into the antecedents and the primary evidence (resistance to change) of psychological commitment. More specifically, Funk et al. (2000) suggest that various attitudinal properties (e.g., knowledge, extremity, importance) may function as antecedents of psychological commitment. This understanding provides a direction for conceptualizing and measuring the factors comprising psychological commitment to a sports team. The conceptual model of psychological commitment to a sports team proposed that the antecedents of psychological commitment are represented by nine attitude properties, categorized into three strength-related dimensions: (1) cognitive structure - affective reaction, cognitive reaction, amount of knowledge, direct experience, and accessibility, (2) subjective beliefs - personal relevance, certainty, and importance of the attitude object, and (3) attitude valence - extremity attributes. The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of the antecedents of psychological commitment to a sports team through a conceptual model based on the concept of attitude strength, and the causal relationship between psychological commitment to a sports team and resistance to changing team allegiance. Based upon the results of the pilot study and preliminary analysis of the main study, accessibility, direct experience, and personal relevance were dropped. In doing so, the proposed model of psychological commitment was revised. The measurement models and the structural model were analyzed. The results of the measurement models indicated that the proposed model of psychological commitment to a sports team was confirmed as well as the results of structural model indicated that resistance to changing team allegiance was directly influenced by psychological commitment to a sports team. The findings of this study will contribute not only to an extension of the knowledge base of psychological commitment to a sports team in the area of sport marketing, but also to practical applications for sport-team marketers and managers. The findings of this study suggest several directions for future study.
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Date Issued: 2005
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4348
Format: Thesis

Title: Consumer Perceptions of a Sponsor’s Corporate Social Responsibility Activities.
Creator: Mamo, Yoseph, James, Jeffrey D. (Jeffrey Dalton), Newman, Joshua I., Rodenberg, Ryan M., Florida State University, College of Education, Department of Sport Management
Abstract/Description: ABSTRACT Sponsorship of sport properties accounts for approximately two-thirds of all sponsorship expenditures ("IEG Sponsorship Report," 2014). The global sponsorship sector increased from $48 billion dollars to $51 billion from 2011 to 2012 ("IEG Sponsorship Report," 2014). Organizations have increasingly shifted to sponsorship as a marketing communications vehicle in the hopes that the goodwill that consumers feel toward the cause will transfer to their image (Madrigal, 2001). With the...
Show moreABSTRACT Sponsorship of sport properties accounts for approximately two-thirds of all sponsorship expenditures ("IEG Sponsorship Report," 2014). The global sponsorship sector increased from $48 billion dollars to $51 billion from 2011 to 2012 ("IEG Sponsorship Report," 2014). Organizations have increasingly shifted to sponsorship as a marketing communications vehicle in the hopes that the goodwill that consumers feel toward the cause will transfer to their image (Madrigal, 2001). With the same token, many researchers suggest there is a link between social initiatives and an organization's improved financial performance (e.g., Davis, 1960; Arlow and Gannon. 1982; Ullmann, 1985; McGuire et al., 1988; Waddock and Graves, 1997; Margolis et al., 2003). The main purpose of the proposed research is to better understand stakeholder perceptions of sponsors, specifically perceptions about the sponsors' CSR activities, and the potential impact of such perceptions on sponsors' image. The current study was quantitative in nature; using a quasi-experimental pre- and post –test control group design. The questionnaire was completed by FSU Sport Management students in three different sessions. The instruments for study were paper based questionnaires, which participants filled out between viewing two short video clips. Three different groups were participate in the study at three different times; each group received a different scenario pertaining to the sponsor's information and CSR activities; this study consisted of two experimental groups and one control group. All the groups followed the same procedure except the manipulation of the independent variable. Those in Group 2 read about the company's sponsorship activity, and those in Group 1 read information about the sponsorship activity and the company's CSR activity, and those in Group 3 read about the company's information. The measures in this study were adapted from existing literatures. The participants were 98 students. A descriptive analysis was conducted to assess the frequency of age (based on date of birth), gender, race and year in school. I analyzed the data to assess evidence of reliability pertaining to the constructs of interest: attitude toward the sponsor, sponsor's image, and attitude toward the sport property. Univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test, and the result revealed that there were no significant differences between groups at the pre-test stage for all the dependent variables. While in the post-test there was a significant difference between groups were found regarding on attitude toward the sponsor and sponsor's image where p [less than] .05. Regarding attitude toward the sport property there was no significance difference both at the pre-test and post-test stages. Overall, group 1 (CSR and sponsorship) had a higher mean score of all dependent variables than group 2 (sponsorship) and group 3 (company information). Group 2 (sponsorship) had a higher mean score of all dependent variables than group 3 (company information).
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Date Issued: 2015
Identifier: FSU_2015fall_Mamo_fsu_0071N_12791
Format: Thesis

Title: Creating New Spectator Sport Markets: How Sport Managers and Scientists Conceive and Configure Demand.
Creator: McLeod, Christopher M., Newman, Joshua I., Holcombe, Randall G., James, Jeffrey D. (Jeffrey Dalton), Giardina, Michael D., Florida State University, College of Education,...
Show moreMcLeod, Christopher M., Newman, Joshua I., Holcombe, Randall G., James, Jeffrey D. (Jeffrey Dalton), Giardina, Michael D., Florida State University, College of Education, Department of Sport Management
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Abstract/Description: Sport management researchers have not studied sport markets, despite their importance to the discipline. In this dissertation, I report on two ethnographic case studies where I worked with new sport organizations to design and conduct market research. Working in this capacity, I observed how sport management practitioners conceive of and create markets. The results add to Michel Callon’s performation program for market studies as well as his and Bruno Latour’s Actor-Network Theory. Callon...
Show moreSport management researchers have not studied sport markets, despite their importance to the discipline. In this dissertation, I report on two ethnographic case studies where I worked with new sport organizations to design and conduct market research. Working in this capacity, I observed how sport management practitioners conceive of and create markets. The results add to Michel Callon’s performation program for market studies as well as his and Bruno Latour’s Actor-Network Theory. Callon argued that economists and other market scientists make markets with their theories. This performational relationship holds for marketers, practitioners, workers, consumers, and all who take it on themselves to configure markets—the implication is that markets may be formatted innumerable ways. Thus, the valid question is not the existence of markets, or their essence, spread, or domination, but their design and, therefore, the strategies for intervention. I use a case study of a failed market research project with New Rugby and a case study of a successful market research project with City FC to show six moments of performation: 1) actionable distinctions (practitioners’ pragmatic definitions); 2) translations and reverse translations (changing another’s interests to be commensurable with one’s own); 3) enrollments (the result of a successful translation); 4) concessions (changing a statement or interest to accommodate new actors); 5) chains of reference (entities linked via mediators that transport parts of each entity to the next in line), and; 6) managerial implications (the form market statements take in market-ing practice). I describe how employees of City FC adopted sport management research, namely the Psychological Continuum Model (Funk & James, 2001; 2006), and use this example to show how sport marketing theories successfully, if weakly, performate sport markets. I also describe how various actors used market research to conceive of a market for City FC prior to and during the inaugural season. Using this and other empirical material, I devise a model for sport market development whereby organizations use actors internal to their network to create markets; they then use these markets to translate various internal and external actors, such as league commissioners, city officials, and squabbling industry experts, but also attendees, consumers, and other groups in the city. These findings show that demand markets in sport are material achievements that marketers and sociologists need to study as a type of civil engineering.
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Date Issued: 2017
Identifier: FSU_SUMMER2017_McLeod_fsu_0071E_14010
Format: Thesis

Title: The Creation and Development of an International Sport Federation: A Case Study of the International Triathlon Union from 1989-2000.
Creator: Phelps, Sean, Kent, Aubrey, Milligan, Jeff, Beach, King, James, Jeffrey, Reynaud, Cecile, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Creating and developing an international sport federation is an early step before govern-ing a sport on a global scale. Then the organization must seek International Olympic Committee recognition to become the legitimate international federation rather than being self-proclaimed. Next the international federation lobbies to have its sport placed on the Olympic Games competi-tion program. In just two years, the International Triathlon Union went from being a self-proclaimed world governing...
Show moreCreating and developing an international sport federation is an early step before govern-ing a sport on a global scale. Then the organization must seek International Olympic Committee recognition to become the legitimate international federation rather than being self-proclaimed. Next the international federation lobbies to have its sport placed on the Olympic Games competi-tion program. In just two years, the International Triathlon Union went from being a self-proclaimed world governing body for the sport in 1989 to being recognized officially as such from the IOC. Three years later the sport was placed on the competition program for the 2000 Sydney Summer Olympic Games. No sport has accomplished so much in such a short period of time. Using Institutional Theory as the framework, this study looked at identifying the various isomorphic influences exerted upon the International Triathlon Union as the organization moved towards its Olympic goal. While institutional theory describes why organizations move towards homogeneity, typically by three traditional isomorphisms, this study also looked at the variables of leadership and culture to see if they might also influence the direction of this international fed-eration. Additionally, interaction between all the isomorphic influences and variables was also considered. Using a qualitative methodology incorporating heuristic inquiry and a construction-ist philosophy, a variety of pressures, both internal and external, were exerted on the newly formed international federation. Coercive isomorphism, provided by International Olympic Committee, was the strongest influence on the organization's creation and development. However, mimetic and normative isomorphic influences were also present indicating that a hierarchy and interaction exists among and between the three isomorphisms in this case study. Additionally, leadership and cultural in-fluences also guided how ITU was created and developed. While Institutional Theory has fo-cused on macro elements regarding an organization's move towards homogeneity, there is also evidence that micro elements provide similar sway.
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Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0290
Format: Thesis

Title: A Descriptive Study of Florida Virtual School's Physical Education Students: An Initial Exploration.
Creator: Mosier, Brian Allen, Lynn, Susan, Jakubowski, Elizabeth, Ratliffe, Thomas, Rutledge, Stacey, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The Shape of the Nation Report (2010) concluded that at least 22 states allow required physical education credits to be earned through online physical education courses. Moreover, Florida Virtual School's (FLVS) Personal Fitness course is now used in over 25 states and at least14 countries. While there are incredible growth rates and projected increased enrollments, there is a healthy skepticism among the physical education profession about virtual physical education (VPE). Current literature...
Show moreThe Shape of the Nation Report (2010) concluded that at least 22 states allow required physical education credits to be earned through online physical education courses. Moreover, Florida Virtual School's (FLVS) Personal Fitness course is now used in over 25 states and at least14 countries. While there are incredible growth rates and projected increased enrollments, there is a healthy skepticism among the physical education profession about virtual physical education (VPE). Current literature does not shed much light into VPE, and until more is known the skeptics will continue to have reason to doubt this method of learning. If designed and implemented appropriately, VPE may serve as an alternative appropriate method of instruction. It may promote relevance and positive attitudes for students. This method could match one's learning style that prefers independent and self-paced curriculum combined with the flexibility to achieve appropriate physical education learning tasks (NAPSE, 2007). This study explored the characteristics of VPE students (n=19,994) enrolled in FLVS physical education for the school year 2008-2009. Archived student records and surveys provided for a description of characteristics, demographics, learning preferences, learning experiences, and achievement levels of bo 05 for each test. Results for this study provided initial findings with regard to the students of VPE at FLVS and revealed significant differences between completers and noncompleters. This research continued to build the groundwork for this understudied area. Areas of interest were illuminated and directions for future studies are given for empirical design-based research. Moreover, administrators and practitioners of VPE will be more equipped with data driven information for guidance in programmatic decisions.
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Date Issued: 2010
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-7201
Format: Thesis

Title: Determinants of Spectator Attendance at Historically Black Colleges' and Universities' Football Games.
Creator: Stringfellow, Donnie, Mondello, Michael, Iatarola, Patrice, Rudd, Andy, Ratliffe, Tom, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Spectator attendance is a popular topic in the sport management literature. However, the primary focus of work done in this area has been examining professional sports, with collegiate sports lagging far behind. The impetus behind the focus on spectator attendance in collegiate sports is the potential impact it can have on increasing revenue in athletic programs. However, there still is a lack of research in the area of sport management with regards to Historically Black Colleges and...
Show moreSpectator attendance is a popular topic in the sport management literature. However, the primary focus of work done in this area has been examining professional sports, with collegiate sports lagging far behind. The impetus behind the focus on spectator attendance in collegiate sports is the potential impact it can have on increasing revenue in athletic programs. However, there still is a lack of research in the area of sport management with regards to Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine selected determinants in explaining the variation in spectator attendance at selected NCAA HBCU's football games. Forty-seven NCAA Division I-AA and Division II institutions participated in this study. The data was collected using the Spectator Attendance Survey (DeSchriver, 1996) and the home institution's individual football game boxscores. An economic demand model served as the basis for the study. The data were analyzed using regression and correlation analyses. The most interesting finding in this study was that 30.6% of the variance (F(4,216) = 23.82, p <.05) in spectator attendance at HBCUs football games was accounted for by the following determinants: over six home games, homecoming games, promotional activities, and general admission prices. Winning percentage did not appear to be an important factor. The results of this study imply that special promotions are a significant factor in spectator attendance, yet few special promotions were found. Athletic administrators of these institutions should re-evaluate their marketing practices in order to attract spectators and to incorporate timely promotions to draw more spectators from the general public
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Date Issued: 2011
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0398
Format: Thesis

Title: Determinants of Volunteer Motives and Future Behavior in Community Sporting Events.
Creator: Lee, Myungwoo, James, Jeffrey D. (Jeffrey Dalton), Newman, Joshua I., Kim, Amy Chan Hyung, Florida State University, College of Education, Department of Sport Management
Abstract/Description: The motives of volunteers provide an important key to understanding an individual's decision to become involved in volunteering (Kim, Zhang, & Connaughton, 2010). One challenge sporting event managers face is that community sport organizations in particular have suffered from a lack of volunteers (Cuskelly, 2004). To date, scholars have focused their research efforts to study the motivation and retention of volunteers for mega-sporting events. Previous researchers, however, suggested that...
Show moreThe motives of volunteers provide an important key to understanding an individual's decision to become involved in volunteering (Kim, Zhang, & Connaughton, 2010). One challenge sporting event managers face is that community sport organizations in particular have suffered from a lack of volunteers (Cuskelly, 2004). To date, scholars have focused their research efforts to study the motivation and retention of volunteers for mega-sporting events. Previous researchers, however, suggested that individuals volunteering with mega sporting events may demonstrate different motivations and behaviors compared to those volunteering in other settings such as community sport. Therefore, attention should be given to assess whether the motives of those volunteering to work at community sporting events differ from motives to volunteer at mega sporting events. In spite of the observed differences between community and mega sporting events, there has been little effort to compare volunteer motivations for the different types of sporting events. Kim et al. (2010) started their research based on the perspective that different motives may drive volunteers to work in different sport settings, an approach that is similar to the proposed research. Even though Kim et al. (2010) studied volunteers working with community sport events, (e.g., youth community sports), a majority of participants in their study were parents who had children participating in sport programs. While youth sports are considered a facet of community sports, the proposed research focused on volunteers at community sporting events that were primarily adult oriented other than youth sports oriented. The purpose of this study was to: (a) identify the motives that are most and least important to those who volunteer with community sporting events, and (b) assess whether the particular motives influence intention to continue volunteering in the future. The results from this study provide community sport organizers with information as to why people volunteer to work with community sporting events, and how to retain them. The results from this study may be used by administrators in community sport organizations to develop policies to aid recruitment and retention of volunteers. To achieve the goals of proposed study, participants who were currently involved in volunteering activities, or had volunteer experiences with community sporting events (e.g., community tennis tournaments, road races, and soccer leagues, etc.) were recruited. I collected data via both e-mail and face-to-face. To analyze the data, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using Mplus was used to assess the hypothesized relationships between volunteer motivation and intention to continue volunteering. I concluded from the results that Value was the most important motive for volunteering. The remaining factors, in order of importance for volunteering were Social, Career, Enhancement, and Protective. In terms of intention to continue volunteering in general, Protective and Career had significant and negative relationships, while Social and Enhancement had significant and positive influences on overall intention to continue volunteering. Protective had a significant and negative relationship on intention to continue volunteering relative to the influence by family or friends. Enhancement had a significant and positive influence on intention to continue volunteering relative to the influence by family or friends. Social and Career did not have a significant influence on intention to continue volunteering relative to the influence by family or friends.
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Date Issued: 2016
Identifier: FSU_2016SP_Lee_fsu_0071N_13272
Format: Thesis

Title: Development and Validation of a Measure of Sports Team Reputation.
Creator: Brandon-Lai, Simon Alexander, James, Jeffrey D. (Jeffrey Dalton), Ferris, Gerald R., Kim, Amy Chan Hyung, Rodenberg, Ryan M., Florida State University, College of Education,...
Show moreBrandon-Lai, Simon Alexander, James, Jeffrey D. (Jeffrey Dalton), Ferris, Gerald R., Kim, Amy Chan Hyung, Rodenberg, Ryan M., Florida State University, College of Education, Department of Sport Management
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Abstract/Description: In this dissertation, I developed a measure of sports team reputation. The reputation construct is one that has been the subject of decades of scholarly focus in the broader management field, but has been comparatively neglected by sport management scholars. Consumers use the reputations held by organizations to predict future behavior, and decide the ways in which they will engage (or not engage) with those organizations; thus, it is intuitively important for sports teams to cultivate and...
Show moreIn this dissertation, I developed a measure of sports team reputation. The reputation construct is one that has been the subject of decades of scholarly focus in the broader management field, but has been comparatively neglected by sport management scholars. Consumers use the reputations held by organizations to predict future behavior, and decide the ways in which they will engage (or not engage) with those organizations; thus, it is intuitively important for sports teams to cultivate and manage their reputations in order to receive positive benefits from external stakeholders (e.g., fans, spectators, general sport consumers). The development of the measure provides scholars a tool with which to empirically investigate the relationship between sports team reputation and consumer outcomes. As such, this research should be viewed as a first—and necessary—step toward increasing our understanding how reputation affects sport consumer behavior. Herein, reputation is treated as a multidimensional construct comprising consumers’ collective beliefs and attitudes about a focal unit—in this case, a sports team. Beliefs pertain to reputations for actions pertaining to performance- or character-related attributes, while attitudes are related to favorable or unfavorable overall assessments of reputation. The measure is based upon this conceptualization. To develop this measure, I followed the six-step scale development process detailed by Hinkin (1998): (1) item generation; (2) questionnaire administration; (3) initial item reduction; (4) confirmatory factor analysis; (5) construct validity; and (6) replication. In the project, I completed the first five of these steps, through which I was able to provide evidence of the validity and reliability of the measure. Using two independent samples (n = 300; n =181), I demonstrated internal validity of a three-factor measure comprising subscales for performance, character, and organizational prominence. A fourth subscale for favorability was removed. Further analysis provided evidene of acceptable model fit in the three-factor models for both samples (Sample 1: RMSEA = .078, SRMR = .049; Sample 2: RMSEA = .075, SRMR = .039). Based on the results, a significant strong positive relationship was found between organizational performance and organizational prominence (Sample 1: β = .92, p < .001; Sample 2: β = .96, p < .001); while a weaker significant negative relationship was observed between organizational character and organizational prominence (Sample 1: β = -.28, p < .001; Sample 2: β = -.24, p < .001). One conclusion from the results is that sports teams become known primarily for good high performance, and to a lesser extent, their misdeeds. Reasons for these trends are discussed, in addition to managerial implications, and limitations of the study. Ultimately, the development and validation of the present measure enables future empirical study of the reputation construct within the context of sports teams, and other organizations within the sport industry.
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Date Issued: 2016
Identifier: FSU_2016SU_BrandonLai_fsu_0071E_13296
Format: Thesis

Title: Does Sport Really Matter to Volunteers?: Implications from an Empirical Comparison Between Sport Volunteers and Non-Sport Volunteers.
Creator: Hwang, Jaeyeon, Rudd, Andrew, Brower, Ralph, Kent, Aubrey, Mondello, Michael, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Successful volunteer management is essential to the effective functioning of sport organizations because the organizations and events could not be sustained without the support of volunteers (Cuskelly, McIntyre, & Boag, 1998). In order to achieve effectiveness in volunteer management, sport organizations should understand what volunteers want and how volunteers feel about their volunteer activities. In the competitive environment of volunteer recruitment, sport organizations should be...
Show moreSuccessful volunteer management is essential to the effective functioning of sport organizations because the organizations and events could not be sustained without the support of volunteers (Cuskelly, McIntyre, & Boag, 1998). In order to achieve effectiveness in volunteer management, sport organizations should understand what volunteers want and how volunteers feel about their volunteer activities. In the competitive environment of volunteer recruitment, sport organizations should be appealing to target volunteers, emphasizing the uniqueness of sport volunteering on the basis of a basic understanding of volunteer psychology. There have been an increasing number of research studies examining motivation and satisfaction of volunteers in sport management. However, there has been a lack of research testing the idea of whether sport volunteering is more favorable and influential for motivating and satisfying volunteers than other volunteer opportunities are. This dissertation is the first attempt at comparing the characteristics of sport volunteers with non-sport volunteers in order to fill this gap in volunteer research and verify the characteristics of sport volunteers compared with other volunteers. Specifically, the purpose of this study was to compare the psychological differences between the groups of sport volunteers and non-sport volunteers. In order to achieve this research purpose, marathon volunteers (n=321) and music festival volunteers (n=132) were compared in terms of identification, motivation, evaluation of fit, satisfaction, and intentions for future volunteering associated with their current volunteering experiences. The results indicated that there were significant group differences in the level of identification related to the context of volunteering. However, no significant group differences were found between sport volunteers and music volunteers in terms of other constructs. The findings presented herein will contribute to expanding the body of knowledge about volunteers not only in sport management but also in general volunteer management, and will also provide tips for effective volunteer management to event volunteer coordinators. Recommendations are offered for future research based on the current research findings.
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Date Issued: 2010
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3376
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effect of a Physical Education Professional Development Intervention on Physical Activity and Fitness on 4th and 5th Grade Students.
Creator: Hagood, Susan, Lynn, Susan, Jakubowski, Elizabeth, Ratliffe, Thomas, Imwold, Charles, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Physical education teachers have been encouraged to do their part to increase students' moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) while participating in physical education classes to help fight the obesity epidemic. Research involving the Sports, Play, and Active Recreation for Kids Physical Education (SPARK PE) curriculum has shown an increase in student participation patterns in classes [i.e. participation in MVPA for greater than 50% of class time] and increased fitness performance (i...
Show morePhysical education teachers have been encouraged to do their part to increase students' moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) while participating in physical education classes to help fight the obesity epidemic. Research involving the Sports, Play, and Active Recreation for Kids Physical Education (SPARK PE) curriculum has shown an increase in student participation patterns in classes [i.e. participation in MVPA for greater than 50% of class time] and increased fitness performance (i.e. walk/run and sit-ups) (Stone, McKenzie, Welk, & Booth, 1998). There is a need for students to adopt and maintain a physically active lifestyle to receive health benefits including the maintenance of a normal body weight. Schools must begin to examine ways to increase student physical activity levels both during and beyond the school day to help students create and maintain healthier lives. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a physical education professional development intervention on the physical activity levels and fitness performance of 4th and 5th grade students in one school district. Research questions that guided this study were (a) What was the state of student physical activity levels during physical education class and teachers' promotion of student physical activity opportunities beyond physical education class in Lowe County Schools? (b) How does a professional development intervention affect student levels of physical activity and physical fitness in Lowe County Schools? (c) What were the barriers teachers faced in Lowe County Schools when trying to increase student physical activity during and beyond physical education class? and (d) What were the strengths of the professional development program provided to physical education teachers in Lowe County Schools? Twenty-one physical education teachers and two fourth and fifth grade classes at fourteen elementary schools (6 Non-Title I and 8 Title I) participated in the study. Throughout the 2006-2007 school year the physical education teachers where involved in professional development opportunities that included full day group staff development workshops, individual on-site visits, individual feedback on effective teaching skills from videotaped lessons, individual time analysis results from videotaped lessons, and individual goal setting challenges. Data collection on students in this study consisted of height and weight measurements to assess body mass index (BMI) and health-related fitness tests (FITNESSGRAM) to assess cardio-respiratory endurance (mile run/walk), muscular strength and endurance (push-ups, trunk lift, and curl-ups), and flexibility (sit-and-reach). Data on physical education teachers included observations with field notes, teacher interviews, teacher lesson plans, SPARK activity logs, SPARK PE assessments, School Health Index (SHI) surveys, weekly progress reports (WPR), website frequencies, Promote Physical Activity (PPA) surveys, and professional development surveys to describe teachers' responses and behaviors to the intervention. The Time Analysis (TA) and System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT) observation data were collected from four videotaped lessons to measure teacher effectiveness in relation to student activity levels. All data collection was conducted and coded by a team of trained personnel from the university. Quantitative analysis for this study included descriptive statistics, comparing means, graphing trends, and non-parametric statistics. Qualitative analysis included document analysis and line-by-line coding within case and cross case analysis to establish themes. Trustworthiness in analyzing qualitative data was achieved through triangulation of multiple data sources and member checking. Results in this study revealed that the professional development (PD) intervention had a positive impact on the amount of student motor activity and MVPA time students received in physical education. The PD staff development and on-site visits were helpful in closing the student "activity gap" between Title I and Non-Title I physical education classes. As a result of the intervention, teachers became more aware of the importance of promoting student physical activity during and beyond their classes. Weekly progress reports, sharing Time Analysis and SOFIT data with teachers, individual goal setting, collaboration with other colleagues, PD on-site support and follow-up were found to be reasons why teachers were able to make a positive change in increasing students physical activity levels. Teachers' reported that they enjoyed the opportunity to collaborate with other physical education professionals, they liked how the PD program challenged them to think about their teaching, and they liked the activities in the SPARK PE curriculum and how it helped them improve health and fitness levels of their students. Results from FITNESSGRAM show that the PD intervention did have a positive effect on improving student fitness scores from pre-to-post on three of the seven student fitness scores (mile run, push-ups, trunk lift). Teachers listed lack of time, space and facilities, and support as barriers they faced when trying to increase student physical activity during and beyond physical education class.
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Date Issued: 2007
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4337
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effect of Athletic Department Practices and Policies on Student-Athletes' Social Well-Being.
Creator: Wills, Spencer F., Newman, Joshua I., Kim, Amy Chan Hyung, Rodenberg, Ryan M., Florida State University, College of Education, Department of Sport Management
Abstract/Description: This study provides an exploratory study of student-athletes and their self-reported social well-being. Specifically, this study measures the satisfaction and social well-being of student-athletes when it comes to athletic department practices and policies. Data was gathered from the distribution of a survey to student-athletes at a major Division-I FBS NCAA institution in the Southeastern United States. Statistical analysis between a student-athlete's satisfaction with their athletic...
Show moreThis study provides an exploratory study of student-athletes and their self-reported social well-being. Specifically, this study measures the satisfaction and social well-being of student-athletes when it comes to athletic department practices and policies. Data was gathered from the distribution of a survey to student-athletes at a major Division-I FBS NCAA institution in the Southeastern United States. Statistical analysis between a student-athlete's satisfaction with their athletic department's implemented practices and policies and their social well-being are considered. The concepts of well-being and social well-being are addressed as they related to student-athletes and constructs taken from previous studies will be used to analyze the student-athletes in this context. Theoretical implications and direction for future research are discussed.
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Date Issued: 2015
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-9489
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effect of Congruence of Leadership Behaviors on Motivation, Commitment, and Satisfaction of College Tennis Players.
Creator: Andrew, Damon Patrick Sermons, Kent, Aubrey, Perrewe, Pamela, James, Jeffrey, Mondello, Michael, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of congruence of leadership behaviors on motivation, commitment, and satisfaction of college tennis players. Respondents (n = 245) included collegiate tennis players from all NCAA division levels (I, II, and III). The athletes were asked to complete a demographic questionnaire, the preferred and perceived versions of the Revised Leadership Scale for Sports, Sport Motivation Scale, Sport Commitment Model Scale, and Athlete Satisfaction...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of congruence of leadership behaviors on motivation, commitment, and satisfaction of college tennis players. Respondents (n = 245) included collegiate tennis players from all NCAA division levels (I, II, and III). The athletes were asked to complete a demographic questionnaire, the preferred and perceived versions of the Revised Leadership Scale for Sports, Sport Motivation Scale, Sport Commitment Model Scale, and Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire. The responses were collected in an online format. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each of the demographic variables. Alpha (Cronbach) coefficients were calculated for the components of each measurement scale to verify internal consistency. Multivariate multiple regression analyses were utilized to determine the effect of demographic variables on leadership behavior preferences. In order to avoid the potential problems associated with the use of difference scores (Peter, Churchill, & Brown, 1993), a regression technique was applied to evaluate the leadership congruence hypothesis. The base scores (i.e. preferences and perceptions) were entered first followed by their interactional term (preferred x perceived). Two sets of multiple regression equations were calculated. In the first set, preference scores were entered first followed by the perceptions and the interaction term, and the second set followed a similar format but reversed the order of the preference and perception terms. The congruence hypothesis was accepted if the interaction significantly increased the amount of variance explained. The results of this study indicated that neither gender nor ability level were predictive of preferred leadership behavior. Furthermore, the congruency of certain preferred and perceived leadership behaviors predicted intrinsic motivation to know, intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation, extrinsic motivation identified, amotivation, sport commitment, sport enjoyment, individual performance satisfaction, personal treatment satisfaction, team performance satisfaction, and training and instruction satisfaction. The findings are discussed in the context of Chelladurai's (1999) Multidimensional Model of Leadership. Future research suggestions are forwarded.
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0029
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effect of Game Day Promotions on Consumer Behavior in the East Coast Hockey League (ECHL).
Creator: Pruegger, Brian Edmund, Pitts, Brenda, Kamata, Akihito, Clement, Annie., Kent, Aubrey, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Factors associated with attendance at sporting events has been well documented in recent literature. Numerous studies have been conducted in college and professional sports, yet little work to date has examined factors associated with attendance in the minor leagues. Very few studies have specifically investigated special game day promotions at the minor league level. Based on the absence of some of the potential drawing factors associated with college and professional sports, these...
Show moreFactors associated with attendance at sporting events has been well documented in recent literature. Numerous studies have been conducted in college and professional sports, yet little work to date has examined factors associated with attendance in the minor leagues. Very few studies have specifically investigated special game day promotions at the minor league level. Based on the absence of some of the potential drawing factors associated with college and professional sports, these promotional activities at the minor league level become of greater interest. Specifically, game day promotions utilized in minor league hockey were of interest in the current study. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors associated with attendance in the East Coast Hockey League (ECHL) in the 2001-2002 season and specifically the game day promotions and their affect on attendance. Data was collected using the feedback from a survey of fourteen marketing personnel of ECHL franchises during the summer of 2002. The survey was adapted from a previous questionnaire (Branvold & Bowers, 1992) utilized to assess factors related to attendance. Other questions were added to the Branvold and Bowers tool in order to address other factors of interest. Results indicated that several factors including promotions were correlated with attendance. Those factors contributed more than 45% of the variance in predicting attendance. Specific promotions such as "Puck Night", "Scouts Night" and "Fan Appreciation Night" were identified as the most successful in increasing attendance. Weekend promotions were more related to an increase in attendance than weekday promotions and children were the most popular target group. Attendance based on promotional games versus non-promotional games varied greatly among the fourteen teams of interest. The findings are similar to previous research on promotions and attendance. Promotions have been associated with a discernible increase in attendance for most markets.
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Date Issued: 2003
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0464
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effect of Personality Traits on Spectator Ratings of Service Quality and Satisfaction.
Creator: Yu, Hoyeol, James, Jeffrey D. (Jeffrey Dalton), Kim, Amy Chan Hyung, Newman, Joshua I., Florida State University, College of Education, Department of Sport Management
Abstract/Description: Spectator sports are one of the largest industries in the United States (Byon, Zhang & Baker, 2013). In this regard, sports marketers and organizations have focused on maintaining or attracting spectators utilizing various promotion methods. However, according to a Sport Business Research Network (SBRnet, 2012) report, the trend of attendance at Division I college football games has declined since 2010. Specifically, the NCAA member schools reported that the average attendance of Division I...
Show moreSpectator sports are one of the largest industries in the United States (Byon, Zhang & Baker, 2013). In this regard, sports marketers and organizations have focused on maintaining or attracting spectators utilizing various promotion methods. However, according to a Sport Business Research Network (SBRnet, 2012) report, the trend of attendance at Division I college football games has declined since 2010. Specifically, the NCAA member schools reported that the average attendance of Division I-FBS decreased from 45, 912 to 44,970 from 2010 to 2012. Due to the fact that attendance at college football games has seen some decline, it has become more important for sports marketers and organizations to better understand factors affecting consumers in order to attract consumers (Byon, Zhang & Baker, 2013). Researchers have studied various factors affecting why spectators attend a sporting event (Chen & Rylander, 2008). Yoshida and James (2010) mention that customer satisfaction is one way to assess spectator's intention of revisiting. To predict customer's satisfaction and behavioral intention of revisiting, researchers have examined service quality variables and core product quality variables and found that overall service quality has had a significant influence on both satisfaction and consumers' behavior intentions (Yoshida & James, 2010; Wakefield & Blodgett, 1996). Therefore, it is important for sports organizations and sports marketers to provide good service quality to positively impact spectator satisfaction. In addition, scholars have found that spectator satisfaction may vary based on personality traits (Anand, 1977; Barrick & Mount, 1991). John (2003) found that the satisfaction of perceived service quality varied by customer personality traits. John (2003) also suggested that it will be useful to examine what types of personality traits affect perceptions of service quality. In a sport context, Donavan, Carlson and Zimmerman (2005) stated that "individual differences may exist that stem from personality differences" (p. 31). In this sense, they argue that assessment of individual personality traits can be utilized by sports teams and sports managers to influence attendance (Donavan, Carlson & Zimmerman, 2005). Building from the information about individual differences, the proposed study will include a measure of spectators' personality traits to determine if there are differences in ratings of satisfaction with service quality. The main purpose of this study is to examine spectators' personality traits, and customer satisfaction with dimensions of service quality and core product quality. The current study was quantitative; paper and pencil questionnaires were used. The instruments in this study were adapted from existing studies. Four hundred questionnaires were distributed to spectators who attended football games at Florida State University. A descriptive analysis was conducted to assess the frequency of age (based on date of birth), gender, race and year in school. I analyzed the data to assess evidence of reliability pertaining to the constructs of interest: service quality, core product quality, and satisfaction. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to test, and subsequently found, that there were significant differences in ratings of satisfaction, service quality, and core product quality based on the four personality traits. Overall, spectators with Influence and Steadiness as a primary personality traits had a higher mean score of service quality, core product quality, and satisfaction, while spectators characterized by Dominance and Conscientiousness had a lower mean score.
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Date Issued: 2015
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-9501
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effect of the National Basketball Association Schedule on Team Productivity.
Creator: Sung, Yoon Tae, James, Jeffrey D. (Jeffrey Dalton), Rodenberg, Ryan M., Kim, Daekwan, Newman, Joshua I., Florida State University, College of Education, Department of Sport...
Show moreSung, Yoon Tae, James, Jeffrey D. (Jeffrey Dalton), Rodenberg, Ryan M., Kim, Daekwan, Newman, Joshua I., Florida State University, College of Education, Department of Sport Management
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Abstract/Description: Given that sports teams follow the schedules provided by their respective league offices, there has been much debate in terms of a potential impact of differential rest intervals on a team's productivity. In general, workers of an organization need rest in order to optimally perform. Rest can also reduce workers' fatigue and stress, which can have a positive impact on worker performance and ultimately be a benefit to an organization. The same notion of rest is applicable to professional sport...
Show moreGiven that sports teams follow the schedules provided by their respective league offices, there has been much debate in terms of a potential impact of differential rest intervals on a team's productivity. In general, workers of an organization need rest in order to optimally perform. Rest can also reduce workers' fatigue and stress, which can have a positive impact on worker performance and ultimately be a benefit to an organization. The same notion of rest is applicable to professional sport teams, as their abilities and performance are key to team productivity. Because a team's schedule is controlled by a sport league or association that organizes sporting events, it is common for team managers and coaches to complain about insufficient rest periods for their teams. Teams in the National Basketball Association (NBA) follow an unbalanced game schedule in terms of rest days and the length of a home stand/road trip. The league does not prioritize each team's rest days when scheduling games. As a result, teams frequently play back-to-back games with little or no rest days, and when traveling play multiple games in a row during a regular season. A potential problem with an unbalanced league schedule is that zero or a small number of rest days increase players' fatigue, which could subsequently impair overall team productivity. It was unclear to what degree differential rest intervals impact team productivity in the NBA. This issue is important, because team productivity is associated with the competitiveness within the league, which can influence team revenue derived from attendance, television rights deals, and other sources. Based on this notion, I examined whether differential rest intervals and the length of a home stand/road trip impacted team productivity in the NBA. I tested three statistical models with three dependent variables, in order to approach team productivity from diverse perspectives. The three dependent variables were team performance measures, win/loss, and margin of victory. To operationalize the concept of rest in the NBA, I employed rest periods of each team. Two other measures of the concept of rest were also chosen: the length of a road trip and a home stand. As indirect measures of the concept of rest intervals, these two factors are also important assuming that a long stay at home (on the road) may advantage (disadvantage) teams, because travel is believed to increases players' fatigue. The NBA prioritizes a venue's availability when scheduling games, so some teams stay at home for multiple games whereas other teams have to travel to play multiple games on the road. Thus, I attempted to gain insight as to how team productivity may have changed depending on a team's rest interval, length of a road trip, and length of a home stand scheduled by the NBA. Rest intervals were only significant in relation to two performance metrics, field-goal percentage and steals, while a team's margin of victory and probability of winning did not change with rest days. The non-significant impact of rest intervals on a team's productivity in relation to its game outcomes demonstrate that rest intervals were not a key determinant of game outcomes in the NBA. The improvement in field-goal percentage and steals was too low to change game outcomes. In addition, the impact of the length of a home stand and a road trip on team productivity were negligible, regardless of their statistical significance. These results indicate that the NBA's priority for building a schedule—venue availability—has not been flawed in that no team was advantaged or disadvantaged by playing successive games at home or on the road. The empirical results of the current study are supportive of NBA teams' and players' efforts to reduce the negative impact of no or short rest days on team productivity. I also found that travel factors such as the length of a home stand and a road trip (elements thought to impact a home advantage) were not greatly influential to a team's wins. Based on the results of the current study, I provide directions for future research with diverse approaches to the concepts of rest, fatigue, and productivity in sports.
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Date Issued: 2015
Identifier: FSU_2015fall_Sung_fsu_0071E_12743
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effect of User Motives and Interactivity on Attitude Toward a Sport Website.
Creator: Ahn, Taesoo, James, Jeffrey, Flynn, Leisa R., Rudd, Andy, Eklund, Robert, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Sport websites have become an important communication tools for companies and business, such as sport organizations, to deliver information, connect with sport consumers, generate profits, and much more. It is important for sport marketers to understand why and how consumers use sport websites. Based on uses and gratifications theory, a conceptual model of attitude toward the sport website including antecedents (user motives and interactivity) and consequence (revisit intention) was proposed....
Show moreSport websites have become an important communication tools for companies and business, such as sport organizations, to deliver information, connect with sport consumers, generate profits, and much more. It is important for sport marketers to understand why and how consumers use sport websites. Based on uses and gratifications theory, a conceptual model of attitude toward the sport website including antecedents (user motives and interactivity) and consequence (revisit intention) was proposed. A pilot study (n = 106) was completed in order to test the scales that would be used in the test of the proposed model. A main study was completed (N = 530) in two stages. The total sample was split and a calibration sample (n1 = 265) was used to test the measurement model. A validation sample (n2 = 265) was used to cross-validate the measurement model from the pilot study, and test the proposed structural model. The results indicate that user motives and interactivity are significant predictors of attitude toward the sport website, which consequently influence intention to revisit a sport website.
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Date Issued: 2010
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0125
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effects of a Teacher Induction Program on Graduate Student Teacher Effectiveness in Physical Education.
Creator: Panton, Steven A., Imwold, Charles, Abood, Doris, Ratliffe, Thomas, Reynaud, Cecile, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Graduate Teaching Assistants (GTA's) are responsible for most undergraduate instruction with little or no knowledge of effective teaching practices. In general physical education programs, GTA's are likely to be the last resource for undergraduates to learn motor skills associated with life-long physical activity. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a Pedagogical Induction (IP) Program on GTA's teaching performance in a major university's general physical education...
Show moreGraduate Teaching Assistants (GTA's) are responsible for most undergraduate instruction with little or no knowledge of effective teaching practices. In general physical education programs, GTA's are likely to be the last resource for undergraduates to learn motor skills associated with life-long physical activity. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a Pedagogical Induction (IP) Program on GTA's teaching performance in a major university's general physical education program. Participants included eight GTA's teaching tennis, volleyball, basketball, soccer, and flag football and the students enrolled in those classes. There were four GTA's in the control group and four in the treatment group. The treatment group participated in an induction program that included two three-hour effective teaching modules and bi-weekly mentoring sessions. As measures of teacher performance, the Qualitative Measure of Teaching Performance Scale (QMTPS) was used to establish teacher performance values, the Games Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI) was used to establish student achievement values, and the Student Perception of Teaching (SPOT) instrument was used to determine student satisfaction with the GTA's teaching performance. Pre- and post-test data were collected on teacher performance (QMTPS), and student achievement (GPAI). The SPOT was used to measure students' evaluation of the teacher. The data indicated that the IP was successful in improving teacher performance with the treatment Group improving on the QMTPS and statistically significantly improving on the GPAI. There were no differences between the groups on student evaluations.
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Date Issued: 2006
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-2294
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effects of Brand, Design, and Price on Intent to Purchase an Activity Tracker.
Creator: Oh, Kyoungwhan, James, Jeffrey, Kim, Yu Kyoum, Wells, Janelle E., Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: As technology development has made the world better, the benefits of such development are also increasingly related to sports activities. Many sports devices have been combined with Information Technology (IT). One great example is an IT-combined sport device called "Activity Tracker." It is a device that is worn on the body and records a user's body status such as calories burned, steps walked, or heart rates. With people's increasing attention to their health, it is expected that the...
Show moreAs technology development has made the world better, the benefits of such development are also increasingly related to sports activities. Many sports devices have been combined with Information Technology (IT). One great example is an IT-combined sport device called "Activity Tracker." It is a device that is worn on the body and records a user's body status such as calories burned, steps walked, or heart rates. With people's increasing attention to their health, it is expected that the popularity of the devices will increase. To aid in the sales of activity trackers in a competitive market, the manufacturers should be familiar with the impact of product cues such as brand, price, and design on consumers' perceived quality, which will influence their willingness to buy. The study was quantitative; paper and pencil questionnaires were utilized. The instruments were derived from three existing studies. The study participants were Florida State University undergraduate and graduate students; 200 questionnaires were distributed to students enrolled in Lifetime Activity Program (LAP) courses and/or visiting a recreation center on campus. The final sample size was 144 participants. The data was analyzed using several statistical methods with PASW Statistics 20.0. From the descriptive statistics, the frequency counts and/or mean scores were computed for profiling the participants. The Cronbach's alpha scores, and item-to-total correlations were utilized to assess the internal consistency of the factors measured with the questionnaires. The assumptions of multiple regression, including as normality, linearity, homoscedasticity, and multicollinearity were assessed. Multiple regressions were utilized to gauge the extent to which price, brand, and design influence perceived quality. As the final step, a simple regression was utilized to measure the relationship between perceived quality and willingness to buy. Examination of this data revealed several significant results regarding the relationships between product cues, perceived quality, and willingness to buy. While brand (t=6.779; p<.05; beta=.522) and design (t=5.934; p<.05; beta=.450) had a positive impact on perceived quality, price (t=-1.681; p>.05; beta=-.139) had no significant impact on perceived quality. Perceived quality (t=6.060; p<.05; beta=.453) had a positive impact on willingness to buy; however, the variance (20%) accounted for in willingness to buy was low, meaning that there may be mediating variables between perceived quality and willingness to buy.
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Date Issued: 2014
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-8861
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effects of Coaches' Behaviors and Burnout on the Satisfaction and Burnout of Athletes.
Creator: Altahayneh, Ziad L., Kent, Aubrey, Tenenbaum, Gershon, Jackson, E. Newton, Quarterman, Jerome, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between coaches' burnout, coaches' behaviors, and levels of burnout and satisfaction experienced by college athletes. The secondary purposes were to examine how coaches' levels of burnout were related to perceived coaching behavior, and to examine the link between athletes' levels of burnout and satisfaction. Forty two male and female coaches employed at the 8 public universities in Jordan, and 413 male and female college...
Show moreThe main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between coaches' burnout, coaches' behaviors, and levels of burnout and satisfaction experienced by college athletes. The secondary purposes were to examine how coaches' levels of burnout were related to perceived coaching behavior, and to examine the link between athletes' levels of burnout and satisfaction. Forty two male and female coaches employed at the 8 public universities in Jordan, and 413 male and female college athletes participated in this study. The participants completed translated version of the Leadership Scale for Sports (LSS; Chelladurai & Saleh, 1980), Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ; Raedeke & Smith, 2001), Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ; Riemer & Chelladurai, 1998), and Maslach Burnout Inventory-Educators Survey (Maslach, Jackson, & Leiter, 1996). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients, and stepwise regression. The results of this study suggest that there is a significant relationship between coaches' leadership behaviors and burnout. It was discovered that personal accomplishment and emotional exhaustion to be significant predictors of the coaches' leadership behaviors. Significant relationships were found between perceived coaching behaviors and athletes' outcomes. Athletes who perceived their coaches as providing more training and instruction, social support, feedback, and exhibiting more democratic behavior and less autocratic behavior were more satisfied and less burned out. In addition, significant negative relationships were found between athletes' satisfaction and athletes' burnout.
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Date Issued: 2003
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0005
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effects of Economic Impact Information on the Attitudes of Potential Sports Sponsors Operating in Mid-Size and Small College Communities.
Creator: Keshock, Christopher Michael, Mondello, Michael, Beckham, Joseph, Kent, Aubrey, Reynaud, Cecile, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Sports marketing programs yielding significant economic benefits have been in place for a number of years at National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I institutions, in professional sports venues, and in community development programs. Research indicates a paucity of sports sponsorship arrangements for mid-size and small college institutions and businesses in contiguous communities. This study applied exchange theory, as described in the field of business administration in the...
Show moreSports marketing programs yielding significant economic benefits have been in place for a number of years at National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I institutions, in professional sports venues, and in community development programs. Research indicates a paucity of sports sponsorship arrangements for mid-size and small college institutions and businesses in contiguous communities. This study applied exchange theory, as described in the field of business administration in the compilation of economic impact information to include spending amounts for visiting athletic teams competing in the Pensacola, Florida area. Data from the Sports Team Travel Survey was shared with randomly selected businesses and not shared with a control group of businesses. The effects of economic impact information on the attitudes of potential sports sponsors were then assessed to gain a better understanding of the decision-making processes. An analysis of the data depicted significant differences (p< .05) with group one displaying more-favorable attitudes about sponsorship potentialities as a function of accessibility to economic impact information portraying commercial benefits. The emphasis upon commercial benefits, as contrasted to patronage and philanthropic motives, supported the work of Abratt, Clayton, and Pitt (1987); Gratton and Taylor (1985); McCarville and Copeland (1994) and others defining sponsorship as an investment in cash return for exploitable commercial potential associated with an activity.
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3158
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effects of Goal Setting on Female Middle School Students' Physical Activity Levels and Motivation Toward Exercise.
Creator: Wang, Shu-Hwa, Ratliffe, Thomas, Toole, Tonya, Imwold, Charles, Walsdorf, Kristie, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (1996) has identified regular participation in physical activity as an important determinant of health. Unfortunately, many people are not getting an adequate amount of physical activity â 60% of adults and 50% of teens are not physically active on regular basis, and female adolescents tend to decline in physical activity levels from age twelve. This study was designed to investigate the effects of goal setting on female middle school...
Show moreThe U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (1996) has identified regular participation in physical activity as an important determinant of health. Unfortunately, many people are not getting an adequate amount of physical activity â 60% of adults and 50% of teens are not physically active on regular basis, and female adolescents tend to decline in physical activity levels from age twelve. This study was designed to investigate the effects of goal setting on female middle school students' physical activity levels and motivation toward exercise. Forty-six eighth grade females, enrolled in six, intact physical education classes from one K-12 charter school in the southeastern United States, were recruited for this study. A one-week baseline and six-week intervention was conducted to collect physical activity levels (step counts) by using the Yamax SW-701 electronic pedometer. The Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 (BREQ-2) was used to collect the motivation scores prior to and after the study. Participants were randomly assigned into either a goal setting or "do your best" group. Participants in the goal setting group used goal-setting strategies to include providing physical activity information, self-mentoring, feedback, resetting goals, and analyzing their own exercise behavior. The results indicated there were significant main effects of time (7 weeks) and interaction of time by group for step counts. Similarly, there was a significant interaction effect of time by group in motivation (autonomy), but no main effect of time was found. It was concluded that the use of a pedometer along with goal setting strategies did help motivate students to increase step counts.
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-1269
Format: Thesis

Title: Effects of the Healthmpowers Exercise DVD Program on the Behavior of Disruptive Students in a Fourth Grade Classroom.
Creator: Brooks, Christine, Ratliffe, Thomas, Lewis, Sandra, Rice, Diana, Welsh, Tom, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a classroom exercise video program on the behavior of fourth grade students who displayed disruptive behaviors in the classroom. Six students, 5 identified as consistently off-task, and their 23-year old female student teacher were participants. An Alternating Treatments Experimental Design (Cooper, Heron & Heward, 2007) was used to investigate the effects of a classroom exercise program called HealthMPowers on the off-task behavior...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a classroom exercise video program on the behavior of fourth grade students who displayed disruptive behaviors in the classroom. Six students, 5 identified as consistently off-task, and their 23-year old female student teacher were participants. An Alternating Treatments Experimental Design (Cooper, Heron & Heward, 2007) was used to investigate the effects of a classroom exercise program called HealthMPowers on the off-task behavior of selected students during a regularly scheduled morning math class. Two interventions were used on alternate days during this study: a) exercising for approximately 2-minutes to a clip from the HealthMPowers exercise DVD program and b) a control procedure—placing the head down on the desk. Baseline measurements were conducted until the level of off-task behavior during the math class stabilized for most of the participants (no conspicuous trending up or down). At that point, the whole class in which the participants were enrolled received one of the two interventions (exercise with video or head down) on an alternating schedule with one intervention each day. Visual analysis was used to assess the degree of consistency and magnitude of the effect. Observations were made using a 10-second interval recording procedure and interobserver reliability averaged 94% for occurrence reliability and 96% for total reliability. Results indicated that off-task performance stabilized for most students during the third week of baseline and decreased by an average of 13% during the seven weeks that the exercise and head-down interventions were in use. Although the mean decrease in off-task behavior for the exercise intervention was slightly greater, it was not notably different from the head-down procedure.
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Date Issued: 2011
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-2973
Format: Thesis

Title: Effects of Time-off on Performance in the National Football League.
Creator: Foreman, Jeremy J., Rodenberg, Ryan, Newman, Joshua, Kim, Yu Kyoum, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Among National Football League (NFL) fans, coaches, and analysts, there are many different views on how time-off effects team performance. Differences in how time-off is allocated to teams has also become a source of controversy as debates continue regarding which teams received the least favorable schedules. This investigation was concerned with identifying how time-off prior to a game affects the final score, when is the best time to have a bye week, and why some teams may benefit more from...
Show moreAmong National Football League (NFL) fans, coaches, and analysts, there are many different views on how time-off effects team performance. Differences in how time-off is allocated to teams has also become a source of controversy as debates continue regarding which teams received the least favorable schedules. This investigation was concerned with identifying how time-off prior to a game affects the final score, when is the best time to have a bye week, and why some teams may benefit more from time-off than other teams. Twenty-one seasons were examined using ordinary least squares regressions to determine that there is at least about a .21 point advantage for each extra day of preparation time that a team receives prior to a game, relative to the time received by an opponent. This advantage is increased for older teams, less talented teams, and teams that are less familiar with their opponents. Unfamiliar opponents benefit from an additional day to prepare by about .38 points which accounts for approximately 2.6 points for a standard seven day bye week. Additionally, about 54.9 percent of teams defeat their opponents when coming off of a bye week by an average margin of victory of about 12.3 points compared to the approximately 8.7 points that non-bye week teams defeated bye week teams by on average.
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Date Issued: 2013
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-7380
Format: Thesis

Title: Eligibility in Flux: Transgender and Intersex Student-Athletes and Title IX.
Creator: Welden, Dena, Rodenberg, Ryan, Mondello, Michael, Kim, Yu Kyoum, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Historically, sports have generally been divided into a binary system of males and females for purposes of competition. Yet this system does not allow for the spectrum of sexual differences that can occur both physically and mentally. Such individuals include transgender or intersex. Transgender and intersex individuals are not unknown to the sporting world. These individuals have won major sporting titles from amateur awards to Olympic medals. Despite the athletic prowess some have expressed...
Show moreHistorically, sports have generally been divided into a binary system of males and females for purposes of competition. Yet this system does not allow for the spectrum of sexual differences that can occur both physically and mentally. Such individuals include transgender or intersex. Transgender and intersex individuals are not unknown to the sporting world. These individuals have won major sporting titles from amateur awards to Olympic medals. Despite the athletic prowess some have expressed, these individuals are neither guaranteed inclusion into all sporting competitions nor given statutory rights that provide for such inclusion. The potential to include transgender and intersex individuals at the U.S. collegiate level is the focus of this proposal. There have only been a couple known transgender student-athletes who have competed in the NCAA and none of these student-athletes have yet to challenge or seek out their right to compete in intercollegiate athletics under Title IX. This study analyzes the legal perspective on the eligibility of transgender and intersex student-athletes through hypothetical legal cases. It would not be practical to wait five to twenty years for such a case to manifest in the court system. Although the case would be on-point, legal scholarship does not have the luxury of waiting for a case to present itself. Instead one must use the available precedents to interpret the law. Law is a type of social science, yet it is devoid of experimentation and statistical methodology. Instead, legal methodology surveys cases and legal precedents rather than people or businesses. Describing and explaining what the law is and states is easy but it is more difficult to explain what the law could or should be. This thesis takes a proactive look at transgender and intersex student-athlete's inclusion under the auspices of Title IX. Title IX is the federal legislation that is the most influential in collegiate sports. Title IX's policies and interpretations are the primary focus in this thesis. In addition, the multiple legal precedents that have developed because of Title IX are addressed. Title IX has been the stimulus for female's inclusion into intercollegiate sports. Despite the historical context, Title VII and Title IX's scope has broadened beyond just females in the past couple decades due to an expanded definition of the term "sex." The other major factor in this proposal is the NCAA, which is the main governing body for intercollegiate athletic programs. The purpose of the NCAA and the binary system in athletics is largely to maintain an "equal playing field." It is believed by some that the inclusion of a transgender or intersex student-athlete may alter the playing field, thereby creating an imbalance. It is important to point out that no such thing as an even playing field exists, or else there would not be competition. Differences in culture, finances, genetics, and a myriad of other factors affect the development of an individual and the team; already creating an uneven playing field. The NCAA in the past couple months has published official rules regarding the eligibility for transgender student-athletes. Yet, the NCAA remains silent on intersex student- athlete participation. This small population is therefore left in a state of limbo in regards to intercollegiate eligibility. A transgender student-athlete's gender status can vary depending on the state one lives in. Certain states in the US protect gender identity and allow alterations of one's legal sex status. These states allow protection that federal statutes have yet to cover. In contrast, most states do not recognize gender identity nor allow any changes to one's legal sex status. The difference in state regulations is a consideration transgender student-athletes need to consider before filing a Title IX claim. Title IX protects sex discrimination and thus the underrepresented sex. Intersex student-athletes do not lack `sex' and as thus should be under the auspices of Title IX. Intersex is not male or female thus intersexuality could be considered an underrepresented sex. Females may have been the original beneficiaries of Title IX but intersex students could be the new underrepresented class. The broad definition of "sex" from current transgender case law shows that "sex" is not legally bound to the binary construct of male or female. Thus, Title IX would include protection for those with different gender identities, transsexuals, and intersex student-athletes. Recent athletic sensations and governing body guidelines have expressed interest and questions regarding transgender and intersex eligibility. Inclusion of these individuals can be strengthened by successful litigation through Title IX.
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Date Issued: 2011
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-6062
Format: Thesis

Title: Engaging Consumers Through Innovation: Measuring Event Innovativeness in Spectator Sports.
Creator: Yoshida, Masayuki, James, Jeffrey D., Kamata, Akihito, Jr., J. Joseph Cronin, Mondello, Michael J., Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Marketing researchers have primarily studied radical and incremental product innovations based on technological development from the firm's perspective. The inescapable observation is that product innovation research has developed with an emphasis on tangible products (i.e., goods) and little empirical effort to investigate the innovativeness of intangible products (i.e., services, experiences, and events) from the customer's perspective. Although recent discussions in the marketing...
Show moreMarketing researchers have primarily studied radical and incremental product innovations based on technological development from the firm's perspective. The inescapable observation is that product innovation research has developed with an emphasis on tangible products (i.e., goods) and little empirical effort to investigate the innovativeness of intangible products (i.e., services, experiences, and events) from the customer's perspective. Although recent discussions in the marketing literature highlight the importance of studying service and experience innovations, most existing models are still conceptual. This dissertation is one of the first attempts to develop a model of intangible event innovativeness from the consumer's perspective and for relating event innovativeness to customer retention. From a pragmatic perspective, the conceptual model of event innovativeness is developed based on a review of the relevant literature and an examination of data collected from two focus groups. Two quantitative research studies (n = 297, n = 333) validate the proposed conceptualization of event innovativeness and examine the hypothesized relationships impacting consumer behavioral intentions through innovative event experiences. In the early stages of the study, an exploratory maximum likelihood factor analysis with an oblique rotation was employed. From the factor analysis, six dimensions emerged and were interpreted as (1) player performance, (2) respectful access, (3) self-service technology, (4) aesthetic environment, (5) brand community, and (6) loyalty program. The number of dimensions in the original model was reduced from eight to six; consumers did not seem to distinguish between skill performance and thrill performance and between social environment and brand community. The second data set was collected from spectators at a college football game in order to validate the idea of event innovativeness. A confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis found that two dimensions (player performance and aesthetic environment) had positive effects on overall innovativeness in the context of spectator sports. Furthermore, this study extended previous research by examining the link between event innovativeness and customer retention. Including two attitudinal constructs (consumer satisfaction and brand equity) as mediators, the results indicate that innovative event experiences lead not only to increased consumer satisfaction in the affective domain, but also to enhanced brand equity in the cognitive domain, and eventually to increased behavioral intentions (i.e., repeat purchase, word-of-mouth, and share of wallet). The current study represents an initial effort to provide managers with more holistic information pertaining to the factors engaging consumers through innovative event experiences. The ideas merit further research with respect to formulating an explanation of what factors contribute most to engaging consumers through innovative event experiences. The proposed model and recommendations for future research provide numerous opportunities to continue advancing our knowledge of customer retention through innovation.
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Date Issued: 2009
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0862
Format: Thesis

Title: An Ethnographic Study of the Culture of Communication in the Sports Information Office in a Division I-A Athletic Program.
Creator: Battenfield, Frederick L., Kent, Aubrey, Houck, Davis, Mondello, Michael, Reynaud, Cecile, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The dawning of the "Communication Age" (Lull, 2002), which is the efficient transmission of digitized bits and bytes and also the significance of the entire communication process for 'real people,' stimulates two questions: is modern society engrossed in communicating primarily with technology, and has face-to-face communication become obsolete? Contextualizing these digital age questions into intercollegiate athletics, the purpose of the study was to discover what elements synthesize to form...
Show moreThe dawning of the "Communication Age" (Lull, 2002), which is the efficient transmission of digitized bits and bytes and also the significance of the entire communication process for 'real people,' stimulates two questions: is modern society engrossed in communicating primarily with technology, and has face-to-face communication become obsolete? Contextualizing these digital age questions into intercollegiate athletics, the purpose of the study was to discover what elements synthesize to form the culture of communication in the Division I-A sports information office. An extensive ethnographic study was utilized to 'crack the code' of communication in the SID office. Drawing upon heuristics, or the intense personal experience of the researcher as a framework, this sport ethnography used in-depth participant observation and interviews to discover the verbal, non-verbal and technological communication methods, and also examined the artifacts and rituals of the SID. An ethnography of communication is the application of ethnographic methods to the communication patterns of a group (Littlejohn, 1999). Three theoretical areas were explored in the literature review: 1) communication theory, 2) how sport culture is created and evolves, and 3) how an ethnography of communication is defined and how it was implemented to conduct the study. Sands (2002, p. 150) stated, "sport reflects culture and culture reflects sport." In his book Sport Ethnography, Sands argued that sport has become a dominant part of contemporary human society. He posited, "sport is pervasive and never ceasing, casting giant shadows on other facets of life." Five thematic areas of SID culture were identified at the conclusion of the study: 1) Office space fostered a culture of separation, 2) verbal communication was sporadic, rushed and a culture of avoidance was prominent, 3) electronic communication was the preferred method the SID's used to communicate with each other and the outside world, confirming a major paradigmatic shift in SID culture, 4) non-verbal communication methods were used as interpersonal defense mechanisms, and 5) the analysis of SID rituals and artifacts showed a culture of production, an expectation of immediacy in job performance, paper culture vs. electronic technology and a culture of virtual anonymity for SID's.
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-1133
Format: Thesis

Title: An Examination of the Relationship Between Regional Sport Commissions and Organizational Structure.
Creator: Bradish, Cheri L., Imwold, Charles, Cronin, Joe, Clement, Annie, Reynaud, Cecile, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this research was to examine the differences in the organizational structure of Sports Commissions in the United States of America. This study also examined Sports Commissions according to general organizational characteristics. Further, this study attempted to classify Sports Commissions according to organizational structure. In addition, comparisons and contrasts regarding organizational structure were drawn between organizations that represent large and small geographic...
Show moreThe purpose of this research was to examine the differences in the organizational structure of Sports Commissions in the United States of America. This study also examined Sports Commissions according to general organizational characteristics. Further, this study attempted to classify Sports Commissions according to organizational structure. In addition, comparisons and contrasts regarding organizational structure were drawn between organizations that represent large and small geographic regions. The theoretical frameworks for this study were based within contemporary and traditional organizational theories. The literature was grounded in reference to similar studies and findings relative to management and legal interpretations of community supported sport in general, and within sport management frameworks in particular. While the significance of this study is revealed in the findings pertaining to the structure of Sport Commissions, greater implications relative to sport organizations and community sport development are also discussed. The subjects for this study were regional Sports Commissions of the United States of America considered 'active' members of the National Association of Sports Commissions (NASC) collective. The survey instrument contained three sections which addressed the areas of centralization, formalization, and complexity, in addition to a fourth section, which examined descriptive organizational characteristics. The components of centralization measured included information dissemination, information output, and control of information. The components of formalization included written job descriptions, written rules and procedures, and supervision of personnel. Complexity was measured using size of structure, and education and experience of employees. Organizational characteristics were assessed according to Commission type, financial components, and activities performed. Survey methods included both telephone and mail surveys. Of the 74 total Sports Commissions surveyed, 57 participated; producing a final overall return rate of return was 77.03%. Three types of analyses were conducted on the data. One, a descriptive evaluation of each component of the Sports Commissions profiles identified was conducted. Two, a SCOSS reliability correlation analysis within and between SCOSS components was analyzed. Finally, a comparison between the organizational characteristics and dimensions of organizational structure of Sports Commissions. Responses were also coded into two major groupings: those that represent larger markets, specifically greater than 1 million inhabitants; and those which represent smaller markets, specifically smaller than 700,000 inhabitants. There was no significant difference found in the degrees of centralization, complexity, and formalization for the organizations studied, which signals important considerations regarding the overall status of the organizational structure of Sports Commissions. Finally, important findings and implications related to the organizational characteristics studied was also revealed.
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Date Issued: 2003
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3415
Format: Thesis

Title: Examining the Employee-Customer Chain in the Fitness Industry.
Creator: Makover, Bosmat, Kent, Aubrey, Kamata, Akihito, Tenenbaum, Gershon, Mondello, Michael, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this research was to develop and test a model of the relationship between contact-employees and customers in a sport organization based on the balanced scorecard framework (Kaplan & Norton, 1992, 1993) and the Sears' model (Rucci, Kirn, & Quinn, 1998). Specifically, the model proposed that employee attitudes (self-efficacy, organizational commitment and job satisfaction) and behaviors (in-role job performance and organizational citizenship behaviors) impact customer level...
Show moreThe purpose of this research was to develop and test a model of the relationship between contact-employees and customers in a sport organization based on the balanced scorecard framework (Kaplan & Norton, 1992, 1993) and the Sears' model (Rucci, Kirn, & Quinn, 1998). Specifically, the model proposed that employee attitudes (self-efficacy, organizational commitment and job satisfaction) and behaviors (in-role job performance and organizational citizenship behaviors) impact customer level outcomes (perceived service quality, customer satisfaction and loyalty). Data were collected from contact-employees (n = 112) and customers (n = 303) representing 20 fitness clubs in South Florida. Linear hierarchical regressions followed by Structural Equation Modeling analysis were performed to evaluate the fit of the model to the data. The results provided support for the proposed model as employee attitudes predicted employee behaviors, and customer perceived service quality predicted customer satisfaction and loyalty. Moreover, employee variables account for 54% of the customer perceived service quality variance, and 83% of the customer loyalty total variance. Managerial implications and directions for further research are discussed.
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Date Issued: 2003
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-2781
Format: Thesis

Title: Examining the Relationship Between Employees' Perceptions of and Attitudes Toward Corporate Social Responsibility and Organizational Identification.
Creator: Alfaro-Barrantes, Priscila, James, Jeffrey D., Ferris, Gerald, Kim, Yu Kyoum, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: There was a time when the most powerful organizations were those linked to religion. Then that power shifted toward governmental institutions. Today, some of the most powerful entities are businesses (Cohen & Greenfield, 1997), but with power comes responsibility. According to Davis (1973), organizations that do not use power in ways that society considers responsible will tend to lose it. Hence, it is not uncommon for organizations to integrate social initiatives that attend to society's...
Show moreThere was a time when the most powerful organizations were those linked to religion. Then that power shifted toward governmental institutions. Today, some of the most powerful entities are businesses (Cohen & Greenfield, 1997), but with power comes responsibility. According to Davis (1973), organizations that do not use power in ways that society considers responsible will tend to lose it. Hence, it is not uncommon for organizations to integrate social initiatives that attend to society's needs and demands into their operations. Taking on social initiatives is referred to as corporate social responsibility (CSR). The importance of CSR has been documented (e.g., Carroll, 1979; Turban & Greening, 1996). From a marketing perspective, CSR activities have been found to have a positive influence on consumers' patronage intentions. From a management perspective, CSR initiatives have been found to influence organizational attractiveness, organizational citizenship behaviors, and employees' attitudes. However, most scholarly work in the area of management has been of a conceptual nature and has not analyzed in depth the extent to which employees' perceptions of CSR initiatives influence important attitude-related outcomes such as organizational identification. Therefore, the researcher conducted a study that attempted to fill in this gap. Specifically, the researcher developed and empirically tested a model that examined the relationship between employees' perceptions of CSR initiatives, organizational identification, employees' attitudes toward CSR, and two behavioral variables. The study was composed of a pilot study and a main study. The results of the pilot study demonstrated that some changes needed to be made to the scale in order to improve its psychometric properties. The changes consisted of adding items and changing the wording of other items. All changes were made before the main study was conducted. Two samples were collected for the main study. The idea behind collecting two samples (sport and non-sport) was to test if the results varied by organizational context. The results led the researcher to conclude there were no significant differences among employees working for sport organizations and non-sport organizations. Regarding hypothesis testing, the results were mixed. Although the structural model provided an acceptable fit to the data, several of the hypotheses were not supported. The hypotheses that were supported provide evidence that employees' perceptions of CSR motivation have a positive impact on their organizational identification. Furthermore, organizational identification was found to be a positive predictor of organizational citizenship behaviors and personal social action. This study is an initial attempt to test the model proposed by the researcher. This study contributes to the advancement of the study of CSR and its impact on employees. Furthermore, because organizational studies are very limited within the field of sport management (Wolfe, Weick, Usher, Terborg, Poppo, Murrell, Dukerich, Crown Core, Dickson, & Jourdan, 2005), it also contributes to the advancement of such type of studies within the sport realm.
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Date Issued: 2012
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4690
Format: Thesis

Title: Examining the Separate Propositions Linking a Change in Sport Team Logo to Consumption.
Creator: McPhatter, Marlon R. (Marlon Rafael), James, Jeffrey D. (Jeffrey Dalton), Turner, Jeannine E. (Jeannine Ellen), Newman, Joshua I., Ferris, Gerald R., Florida State University,...
Show moreMcPhatter, Marlon R. (Marlon Rafael), James, Jeffrey D. (Jeffrey Dalton), Turner, Jeannine E. (Jeannine Ellen), Newman, Joshua I., Ferris, Gerald R., Florida State University, College of Education, Department of Sport Management
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Abstract/Description: Fans often derive great personal value from having a connection with a particular sports team, joining with other fans in that connection, and being able to share connections readily with outsiders. Whether the connection is spatial/geographic, digital, or social, displaying a team logo can communicate many qualities about the wearer of team apparel. With most cases in sport, a team logo symbolizes the exclusive image or identity of the sport organization. A team logo as a symbol is a form of...
Show moreFans often derive great personal value from having a connection with a particular sports team, joining with other fans in that connection, and being able to share connections readily with outsiders. Whether the connection is spatial/geographic, digital, or social, displaying a team logo can communicate many qualities about the wearer of team apparel. With most cases in sport, a team logo symbolizes the exclusive image or identity of the sport organization. A team logo as a symbol is a form of semiotics. For the consumer, an image is a visual global evaluation that depicts or triggers a response based on experiences or other perceptions of meaning (Keller, 2003). Semiotics in advertising is frequently used to signify the message of the advertiser through the use of signs or symbols to relay a basic message. At a higher level of intensity and recognition, the team logo can be understood as a signifier of the exact representation of the good or service based on characteristics in the logo perceived by consumers as genuine and authentic to the overall brand. A logo can be defined as a graphic mark or emblem commonly used by commercial enterprises, organizations, and individuals to promote public recognition. Logos are either purely graphic (i.e. symbols/icons) or are composed of the name of the organization (i.e. a logotype or wordmark) (Wheeler, 2006). If a sport organization decided to change their organizational identity (for a variety of reasons), some may see this as diluting the distinctiveness of the overall brand. Components of the overall brand are created by the team through continuous operations in all aspects of the industry. Organizational identity is just a part of the overall brand and communicates the way in which a team wants consumers to perceive (not necessarily how it is actually perceived) the mission, values, and strategy of the team. Fans may collectively experience a change in organizational identity as a loss because it would undercut the ability for them to identify with the team. The organization may want to change or modify their identity within the industry but loyal fans, in this case, would have a collective interest in maintaining the distinctiveness of the team identity because of a strong connection with the team. Would established fans reject the efforts of the organization to modify or change their identity while the organization attempts to attract the interest of new fans? This study includes an analysis of sport team identity following a logo change and an assessment of how the characteristics of a logo are perceived by sport fans as they engage in the purchasing process. Fan perceptions about the representation of a team logo are explored through semi-structured interviews and an analysis of the attributes, values, and ideals teams want to portray through a team logo is provided. During the process of purchasing sport merchandise, the individual perceives themselves as a legitimate part of the team based on a desire to associate with positive elements of the organization (Janssen & Huang, 2008). Through the purchasing decision, fans can view the team as an entity with greater personal meaning and establish an allegiance gained from the team – fan relationship. The interviews were used to examine the impact of a logo change on fan perceptions and intentions to consume licensed team merchandise. One-on-one interviews were used to gather data from sport fans. The purpose of the interviews was to help understand how logos are perceived by fans, or what the logos are perceived to represent. The interviews included questions pertaining to how sport fans feel about changes in the team logo, and the impact of the logo change on intentions to consume. Understanding what the logo should mean and how that message can be properly communicated to fans is important when examining fan preferences towards the action of consumption.
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Date Issued: 2015
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-9400
Format: Thesis

Title: Examining the Values Associated with Spectator Sports and the Relationships Between the Values and Sport Spectator Behavior.
Creator: Gau, Li-Shiue, James, Jeffrey, Grindal, Bruce T., Korzenny, Felipe, Flynn, Leisa R., Kent, Aubrey, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The dissertation had two major research purposes. The first purpose was to explore what values may be associated with spectator sports. This purpose was completed by using qualitative inquiry and conducting a review of literature. The second purpose was to examine the relationships between personal values and sport spectator behavior. Sport spectator behavior included spectator sport consumption and sport spectator experiences. This purpose was completed by administering a questionnaire and...
Show moreThe dissertation had two major research purposes. The first purpose was to explore what values may be associated with spectator sports. This purpose was completed by using qualitative inquiry and conducting a review of literature. The second purpose was to examine the relationships between personal values and sport spectator behavior. Sport spectator behavior included spectator sport consumption and sport spectator experiences. This purpose was completed by administering a questionnaire and conducting statistical analyses (for example, descriptive analyses, MANOVA, cluster analyses, stepwise multiple regression, and confirmatory regression analyses). In general, this dissertation adopted a mixed research method design including qualitative and quantitative methods. A qualitative study was conducted to examine values individuals associate with spectator sports. Prior studies of values in sport settings have been primarily conceptual discussions (e.g., Duncan, 1983; Wann, Melnick, Russell, & Pease, 2001) and have focused on participation rather than spectatorship (e.g., Lee, Whitehead, & Balchin, 2000; Simmons & Dickinson, 1986; Wankel & Berger, 1990). Research with spectator sports has investigated fan motivations for attending sports rather than general values associated with spectator sports (e.g., Milne, & McDonald, 1999; Trail, & James, 2001). The current study is an initial step examining the values individuals associate with spectator sports. The study utilized interviews and focus groups and had four progressive phases for triangulation, transferability and constant comparative assessment. The finding suggested ten value types associated with spectator sports: Enjoyment, Sociability, Identity, Status, Moral, Spirituality, Epistemic, Aesthetics, Ritual, No or negative values. Using existing value measures (Kahle, 1983; Maslow, 1970; Rokeach, 1973; Schwartz, 1992, 1996), a pilot survey was conducted to specify 28 individual values which were considered more relevant to spectator sports. A main study was then conducted by using a questionnaire with 28 value measures, 6 modes of spectator sport consumption and 10 experience items. The first group of hypotheses examined whether personal values predicted spectator sport consumption. The results showed significant results, but the direction of associations varied. Sixteen personal values had positive associations with spectator sport consumption; 7 had negative associations with spectator sport consumption; 5 had mixed results. The second group of hypotheses examined whether personal values predicted expected sport spectator experiences. Twenty personal values supported the hypotheses; five values had the results opposite to the hypotheses; two values had mixed results; the value, DEVOUT did not have significant result. The results suggested directions for revision of the ten-value type framework derived from the qualitative inquiry. The results also indicated that the corresponding relationships between some of the individual values and value types associated with spectator sports require further clarification. Different from the results of prior research in fan motivations, the results of this dissertation show that it is likely that people might experience something relevant to some values through spectator sport consumption but did not actively associate the values with spectator sports. In other words, people might be motivated to consume spectator sports in some occasions, but this did not mean that the motivation is a constant value associated with spectator sports. Future research is required to provide more evidence to support this conjecture. The results provide implications for theory in sport consumer behavior to explain spectator sport behavior more thoroughly. The results also provide useful information for sport marketers, sponsors, and policy makers to design their promotion activities, proposals, and policies by using the values as themes. Future research should examine how different sports and cultures influence the associations between personal values and spectator sports. Value-based attitudes might be developed for each value type to help clarify the relationships among values, motives, and attitudes toward spectator sports. The development of attitudes can also enhance the prediction effects of values on spectator sport consumption. By conducting spectator sport value research, it is hoped that attributes of spectator sports can be identified or created to help sport marketers design sporting events to meet the desires of broad potential consumers.
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Date Issued: 2007
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0135
Format: Thesis

Title: An Exploratory Case Study of Post-Scandal Media Representations of Athlete Philanthropic Foundations.
Creator: Ji, Yue, Newman, Joshua I., James, Jeffrey D. (Jeffrey Dalton), Kim, Amy Chan Hyung, Florida State University, College of Education, Department of Sport Management
Abstract/Description: As a central component of the sports industry, athletes are now playing roles far beyond what they do on the field of play, including making contributions to society as philanthropists. Many professional athletes from around the world have established their own philanthropic foundations. However, given that professional athletes are now under frequent media scrutiny because of their celebrity status and perceived financial standing--and particularly once there are scandals or transgressions...
Show moreAs a central component of the sports industry, athletes are now playing roles far beyond what they do on the field of play, including making contributions to society as philanthropists. Many professional athletes from around the world have established their own philanthropic foundations. However, given that professional athletes are now under frequent media scrutiny because of their celebrity status and perceived financial standing--and particularly once there are scandals or transgressions involving those celebrity athletes--the media will likely attenuate to those incidents via their respective platforms. Subsequently, this mass mediation will likely affect the general public' perceptions towards their philanthropy foundations since these organizations are in direct link with these famous athletes. Therefore, the aim of this research is to shed some light on the ways in which the media frames athletes' transgressions as they relate to those athletes' philanthropic foundations. In order to achieve this purpose, a content analysis was utilized to study the media coverage of a specific case: Tiger Woods' adultery affairs with multiple women behind his wife's back in 2009. By identifying what the multi-media have suggested about the impacts Woods' infidelity scandal has on his Tiger Woods Foundation, this case study will assess the extent to which the foundation is implicated in media due to his personal controversies.
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Date Issued: 2014
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-9193
Format: Thesis

Title: An Exploratory Investigation of the Predictors of Counterproductive Work Behaviors Among Major League Baseball Employees.
Creator: Brimecombe, Michelle J. (Michelle Jennifer), Mondello, Michael, Perrewe, Pamela, Witte, Shelbie, James, Jeffrey, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to assess predictors of employee counterproductive work behavior (CWB) in six Major League Baseball (MLB) organizations. The effects of two individual variables (negative affectivity and positive affectivity), situational variables (distributive justice, procedural justice, and interactional justice), and the moderating effects of team identification on CWB were examined. Full-time employees (N=301) completed questionnaires assessing team identification,...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to assess predictors of employee counterproductive work behavior (CWB) in six Major League Baseball (MLB) organizations. The effects of two individual variables (negative affectivity and positive affectivity), situational variables (distributive justice, procedural justice, and interactional justice), and the moderating effects of team identification on CWB were examined. Full-time employees (N=301) completed questionnaires assessing team identification, individual variables, situational variables, counterproductive behaviors, and demographic questions. The results regarding the relationships with CWB were mixed. Team identification did not play a significant role as a moderator in the analysis. Negative affectivity was found to have a positive relationship with CWB; positive affectivity was found to have a negative relationship. Individuals high in positive affectivity were less engaged in CWB, whereas individuals low in positive affectivity engaged in more CWB. Counter to expectations, distributive justice was positively associated with CWB. Although the hypotheses regarding the effects of six variables on CWB were partially supported; the study of MLB employees warrants further investigations.
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Date Issued: 2012
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4733
Format: Thesis

Title: Factors Affecting the Performance Levels of Risk Management Behaviors of Florida High School Athletic Directors.
Creator: Aaron, Thomas C., Clement, Annie, Toole, Tonya, Jackson, E. Newton, Reynaud, B. Cecile, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to measure the degree to which Florida High School athletic directors utilize risk management within their athletic program and (2) to determine whether selected demographic factors (i. e. undergraduate major, years of experience as Athletic Director, level of education, etc.) have an effect on the performance levels of these risk management behaviors. A 42-item survey was used to collect data related to specific risk management behaviors and 12...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to measure the degree to which Florida High School athletic directors utilize risk management within their athletic program and (2) to determine whether selected demographic factors (i. e. undergraduate major, years of experience as Athletic Director, level of education, etc.) have an effect on the performance levels of these risk management behaviors. A 42-item survey was used to collect data related to specific risk management behaviors and 12 demographic items. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each factor on the demographic section of the survey, the composite scores for each of the individual items on the survey, for all of the items combined (grand mean), and for the composite scores of each conceptual area (i.e. medical concerns, facilities, etc.). A one-way ANOVA was then used to test for significance among the independent variables (selected demographic factors) and dependent variables (risk management behavior scores of the (1) grand mean, (2) conceptual area means, and (3) individual item means). Results of the study suggest that (1) the risk management behaviors being performed within Florida High School athletic departments are being performed on a rather consistent basis and that (2) the two primary factors that influenced FHSAA athletic director's performance of risk management behaviors were current employment status and current coaching status.
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0013
Format: Thesis

Title: Factors Influencing College Choice Among Track and Field Student Athletes at NCAA D-1 Conference HBCUs.
Creator: Crowley, Charles, Jackson, E. Newton, Jones, Lee, Toole, Tonya, Mondello, Michael, Quarterman, Jerome, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to identify college choice factors that are most important in track-and-field student athletes' choice to attend a HBCU. This study employed a three-fold approach: a) to expand research on track-and-field student athletes into the broader dimension of student college choice, b) to initiate an exploration of the factors that influence the college choice decisions of student athletes competing in track-and-field at HBCUs, and c) to develop a college choice profile...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to identify college choice factors that are most important in track-and-field student athletes' choice to attend a HBCU. This study employed a three-fold approach: a) to expand research on track-and-field student athletes into the broader dimension of student college choice, b) to initiate an exploration of the factors that influence the college choice decisions of student athletes competing in track-and-field at HBCUs, and c) to develop a college choice profile by institution type. The instrument used was the Student Athletes College Choice Profile Survey (SACCPS) and was originally developed by Gabert, Hale, & Montalvo (1999). Independent variables in this sample were gender, conference, scholarship versus non-scholarship, and amount of scholarship for the track and field student athletes. Dependent variables were the 24 different factors narrowed into three factor categories used as influence factors related to college choice, those factor categories were academic, athletic, and personal. A total of 22 (100%) MEAC school teams and 12 (60%) SWAC school teams responded. There were 42 HBCU men and women track and field teams that were hand delivered and mailed questionnaires, 34 teams participated in the study for response rate of 81%. The overall response rate was 65%(N=385) for the research project, 2 usable surveys were returned yet did not indicate respondent's gender. The types of quantitative analysis used were inferential and descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics identified were ranking, means, and standard deviations while the inferential statistics technique used was the multivariate analysis of variances (MANOVA). The results indicated there were differences between gender and academic college choice factors. There were many factors that influenced track and field student athletes. The top factors were: opportunity to play, degree program, academic support, college head coach, location of school, chance to travel, athletic traditions, campus social life, athletic facilities, and position coach. This study indicated that for track and field student athletes all three choice factors categories were very important in there college choice process, of an HBCU. Therefore coaches, administrators and recruiters may be able to better plan well balanced recruiting strategies to attract high quality student athletes.
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-2982
Format: Thesis

Title: Factors Influencing Collegiate Volleyball Shoe Selection: An Institutionalized Perspective.
Creator: Robinson, Amanda L., Wells, Janelle E., James, Jeffrey D., Newman, Joshua I., Reynaud, B. Cecile, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: It is not uncommon for a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I school to have an athletic apparel contract (AAC) with an established athletic apparel company. These relationships have evolved over time to the point that the AACs seem to have become institutionalized in collegiate athletics. Institutionalization refers to the repetition of organizational arrangements (Washington & Patterson, 2009) to the point that it exists as a 'norm' within a culture. While there are...
Show moreIt is not uncommon for a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I school to have an athletic apparel contract (AAC) with an established athletic apparel company. These relationships have evolved over time to the point that the AACs seem to have become institutionalized in collegiate athletics. Institutionalization refers to the repetition of organizational arrangements (Washington & Patterson, 2009) to the point that it exists as a 'norm' within a culture. While there are certain benefits to these contracts, there are also associated risks. AACs often include clauses requiring every student-athlete at the school to wear brand name apparel for practice and competition, regardless of satisfaction with the product. Considering volleyball is typically a non-revenue generating sport at many NCAA Division I schools, student-athletes are often required to wear a certain type of shoe due to contract restrictions. Problems may arise if the sponsored shoes do not meet the needs, specifically the health and safety needs, of the student-athlete. Coaches are often involved in the selection of the teams' shoes, while athletic trainers must manage any medical consequences resulting from ill-fitting shoes. Given the notion that AACs have been institutionalized in the collegiate athletic setting, including restricted shoe selection, this study was conducted to gain insight into the factors influencing volleyball shoe selection. The study was qualitative and involved semi-structured interviews with 11 volleyball coaches and athletic trainers in the Southeastern and Atlantic Coast athletic conferences. For purposes of data analysis, the researcher utilized the four dialogic moments as described by Markula and Silk (2011): recalling, listening around, close reading, and representing self and others. Results were presented according to coaches and athletic trainers, separately. Factors identified by coaches were the evidence of dissatisfaction, general benefits of a school's AAC, insufficient volleyball shoe options from sponsors, and medical concerns. Factors identified by athletic trainers included medical concerns, general benefits of a school's AAC, and insufficient volleyball shoe options from the sponsor. In general, results of this study supported the notion that AACs have become institutionalized in select NCAA Division I volleyball programs through the development of volleyball teams being a dependent beneficiary from their school's AAC. While the sponsored brands met participants' expectations in regard to the quantity of volleyball shoes provided, the sponsored brands did not meet participants' expectations regarding quality. Overall, participants were willing to overlook these negative concerns for the benefit of their athletic department as a whole. The subject matter adds value to the sport management profession by providing sport managers, Division I schools, and athletic apparel sponsors a perspective on the sponsor-school relationship as it pertains to athletic apparel contracts, but further research into other sports' shoe selection processes, as well as the student-athletes' and sponsored brands' perception of the effect of an AAC is needed.
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Date Issued: 2014
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-9080
Format: Thesis

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